What is the phenotype? The concept, main characteristics, the interaction with genotype

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2018-03-27 06:39:11

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The Word "phenotype" is of Greek origin and means (literally) "reveal", "reveal". What is the practical meaning of this definition? what is the phenotype

What is the phenotype? Definition

The phenotype to understand the complex characteristics that are inherent in the individual at a particular stage of development. Is this a set based on the genotype. For diploid organisms, characterized by the expression of dominant genes. More specifically determining that such a phenotype should be talking about a combination of internal and external features of the organism that have been acquired in the process of individual development (ontogenesis).

General information

Despite a fairly accurate definition of what is a phenotype, the concept has a number of uncertainties. Most of the structures and molecules that are encoded in genetic material, not found in the appearance of the body. They are part of the phenotype. An example would be the phenotype of human blood. In this regard, according to some authors, the definition should include those characteristics that can be obtained using diagnostic, medical or technical procedures. A more radical further expansion may include learned behavior and, if necessary, and the impact of the organism on the environment and other organisms. So, for example, incisors and the beaver's dam can be taken for their phenotype. phenotype blood

Key features

Determining that such a phenotype, we can talk about some "takeaway" of genetic information towards the environmental factors. At first approximation, one should consider two features:

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  1. Dimension of the phenotype. This characteristic indicates the number of directions of "take-out", which describes the number of environmental factors.
  2. The Second parameter indicates the level of sensitivity of the phenotype to environmental conditions. The name of this degree - range.

human phenotype

Together, these characteristics indicate the richness and variety of the phenotype. More multidimensional than the sum of individual characteristics, the more sensitive signs and the farther they are from the genotype, the richer. For example, if we compare the phenotype of the bacteria, roundworm, frog, human, "wealth" in the chain increases. This means that the phenotype of the person richer.

Historical background

In 1909 by Wilhelm Johansen (Danish scientist) for the first time - in conjunction with the concept of genotype - proposed definition of the phenotype. This allowed us to distinguish inheritance from the result of its implementation. The idea of differences can be traced in the works of Mendel and Weismann. The latter is different from somatic and reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. Received from parents chromosome set contained in the cellular nuclei. Chromosomes are a complex of genes, specific species and a specific body in particular. Genes contain information about proteins, can be synthesized, and mechanisms that define and regulate the synthesis. What does it happen? When ontogenesis sequentially synthesize those genes and proteins that they encoded. In the end, is the formation and development of all of the properties and characteristics of an organism make up its phenotype. In other words, it turns out a "product" from the implementation of the genetic program contained in the genotype. plant phenotype

The Influence of external conditions on the development of individual characteristics

It Should be noted that the genotype is not an unambiguous determinant of the phenotype. In varying degrees, creating a set of individual characteristics will depend on the environment of the stay, i.e. from external factors. In different conditions, the phenotypes have a sharp contrast. For example, the form of butterflies "Arachne" in the year gives two offspring. Those individuals who emerged from overwintered pupae (spring), differ sharply from those that appeared in the summer. The same may differ and the phenotype of the plant. For example, in the open space of bushy pine trees, and in the woods-tall and slim. Have water Buttercup leaf shape depends on where it resides - on the air or in water.

Relationships between phenotypes and genotypes

The Ability to change, which is provided by the genetic program, called the norm of reaction. As a rule, the more diverse the conditions in which the species, the wider is the norm. In that case, when the environment sharply different from that to which adapted a form of violation occurs in the development of organisms, and they die. In the characteristics of the phenotype are not always reflected recessive alleles. But they are saved and can go on to the offspring. These data allow a better understanding of the evolutionary process. Natural selection involves only the phenotypes of the offspring also passed and then remain in the population genotypes. The interaction is not confined to the relationship of the dominant and recessive alleles-many genes interact with each other.


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DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/10294-was-ist-ein-ph-notyp-das-konzept-die-wichtigsten-merkmale-die-interakt.html

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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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