Mina sea (photo)

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2020-05-16 04:20:19

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A marine Mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destruction of the hulls of ships, submarines, ferries, speedboats and other watercraft. Unlike depth charges mines are in “sleep" position until contact with the Board. Naval mines can be used either to cause direct damage to the opponent and hamper their movements on the strategic directions. In international law, rules of conducting mine warfare installed of the 8th Hague Convention of 1907.

sea mine

Classification

Naval mines are classified according to the following criteria:

  • The Type of charge – regular, special (nuclear).
  • Selectivity – regular (for any purpose), selective (recognize characteristics of the vessel).
  • Handling – controlled (by wire, acoustically, by radio), out of control.
  • Ratio – a multiple of (the specified number of targets), non-multiple.
  • The Type of fuse – non-contact (induction, hydrodynamic, acoustic, magnetic), contact (antenna, galvanotecnia), combined.
  • Installation Type – homing (torpedo), pop-up, floating, ground, anchor.

Mines usually have a rounded or oval shape (with the exception of mines, torpedoes), sizes from half a meter to 6 m (or more) in diameter. The anchor is characterized by a charge of up to 350 kg, bottom – up to one ton.

Historical background

For the First time sea mines have been used by the Chinese in the 14th century. Their design was quite simple: under water was tarred barrel of gunpowder, which led wick supported on the surface float. To use needed the right moment to light the fuse. The use of such structures is found in the treatises of the 16th century in China, but as the fuse was used more technologically advanced flintlock mechanism. Improved mines were used against Japanese pirates.

In Europe, the first mine of the sea was designed in 1574 by Englishman Ralph Rabberdam. A century later, the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel, served in the artillery control of England, suggested that its design is inefficient “floating crackers”.

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naval mine called

Us developments

A truly formidable design was developed in the United States during the war of independence by David Bushnell (1777). It was still the same powder keg, but equipped with a mechanism zatonirovany in the clash with hull.

In the midst of the civil war (1861) in the United States by Alfred Vaudou invented dvuhkonusnyj floating naval mine. Name for her to find a suitable – “infernal machine". Explosives housed in a metal cylinder under water, which kept floating on the surface of a wooden barrel, at the same time serving as a float and a detonator.

National development

The First electric fuse for “machines” invented by the Russian engineer Pavel Shilling in 1812. During the unsuccessful siege of Kronstadt, the Anglo-French fleet (1854) in the Crimean war it proved a mine of marine construction Jacobi and Nobel. Fifteen hundred exhibited “machines” not only paralyzed the movement of the enemy's fleet, but they also damaged three large British steamer.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel had its own buoyancy (due to air-chambers) and didn't need floats. It is possible to install it secretly, in the water, hanging on chains, or float.

Later actively used conal floating mine held at the desired depth a small and inconspicuous buoy or anchor. It was first used in the Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878) and was armed fleet with further improvements up to 1960-ies.

naval mines

Anchor Mina

She was held at the desired depth the anchor end – cable. Peretaplivanii the first examples of provided manual adjustment of the length of rope that required a lot of time. Lieutenant Azarov has proposed a design that allowed you to automatically set sea mines.

The Device was equipped with a system of lead load and suspended over the cargo anchors. Anchor end is wound on the drum. Under the action of the load and the anchor drum is released from brake and end unwound from the drum. When the load reaches the bottom, the force of the pulling end is decreased, and the reel was stopped, whereby "infernal machine" immersed to a depth corresponding to the distance from the load to the anchor.

naval mines device

The Beginning of the twentieth century

Massively naval mines have been used in the twentieth century. During the boxer rebellion in China (1899-1901), was the Imperial army mined the river Haifa, covering the way to Beijing. In the Russo-Japanese confrontation in 1905 turned the first mine warfare, when both sides actively used mass production-barriers and breakthroughs minefields with minesweeper.

This has been replicated in the First world. German naval mines prevented the landing of the British troops and fettered the actions of the Russian fleet. Submarines mined trade routes, bays and Straits.The allies did not remain in debt, almost blocking for Germany exits from the North sea (it took 70 000 min). The total number of used “machines” experts estimated at 235 000 shares.

Soviet naval mines

Sea mines of world war II

During the war on Maritime theaters of war was delivered about a million minutes, including in the waters of the USSR – more than 160 000. Germany has installed instruments of death in the seas, lakes, rivers, ice in the Kara sea and in the lower reaches of the Ob river. Retreating, the enemy mined the Harbor piers, raids, harbour. Particularly cruel was the mine warfare in the Baltic, where the Germans only in the Gulf of Finland was put more than 70 000 pieces.

As a result of exploding mines sank approximately 8,000 ships. In addition, thousands of ships have sustained heavy damage. In European waters after the war on the sea mines blown 558 courts, 290 of which sank. On the first day of the outbreak of war in the Baltic sea blew the destroyer ‘Angry" cruiser "Maxim Gorky”.

German mines

The Engineers of Germany in the beginning of the war surprised the allies new highly efficient types of mines with magnetic fuse. Sea mine exploded not from contact. The ship was to sail close enough to the deadly charge. Its shock wave was enough to deploy the side. The damaged vessels had to abort the mission and return for repair.

More than any other suffered from the English fleet. Churchill personally set the highest priority to develop a similar design and to find effective means to neutralize mines, but British experts could not reveal the secret technology. Helped the case. One of the German aircraft dropped mines stuck in the coastal mud. It turned out that the explosive mechanism was quite complex and was based on the Earth's magnetic field. The study helped to establish effective minesweepers.

German sea mines

Soviet mines

The Soviet naval mines were not as technologically advanced, but no less effective. Mostly used models KB “Crab” and hypertension. “Crab” was a anchor mine. KB-1 adopted in 1931, in 1940 – upgraded KB-3. Designed for massive minefields, just at the disposal of the fleet to the beginning of the war there were about 8,000 units. With a length of 2 meters and weight more than a ton device contained 230 kg of explosives.

Mina antenna deepwater (AG) was used for the sinking of submarines and ships, as well as to impede the navigation of the enemy's fleet. In fact it was a modification of the CB to the antenna devices. In a combat setting in the seawater between two copper antennas were aligned electric potential. When you touch the antenna of the hull of the submarine vessel, the balance of capabilities was broken, which caused a short circuit fuse. One mine ‘controlled’ 60 meter of space. General characteristics correspond to the model KB. Later the copper antenna (which required 30 kg of precious metal) were replaced with steel, the product received the designation AGSB. Few know the name of the sea mine models AGSB: deep-sea antenna with steel antennas and equipment, assembled into a single unit.

Mine

After 70 years, mines of the Second world still pose a danger to civilian shipping. A large number of them still somewhere in the depths of the Baltic sea. Until 1945, only 7% of mines were neutralized, the rest demanded decades of dangerous work in the mine.

The Main burden of the struggle against the danger of mines laid on the personnel of the ships-minesweepers in the postwar years. Only in the Soviet Union were involved in about 2,000 trawlers and up to 100,000 personnel. The degree of risk was extremely high due to the ever opposing factors:

  • Uncertainty of the boundaries of minefields;
  • Different depths of installation min;
  • Different types of mines (moored, antenna, traps, bottom contact devices of urgency, multiplicity);
  • The possibility of shrapnel exploding mins

The Technology of trawling

The Method of trawling was far from perfect and dangerous. At the risk of becoming victims of landmines, the ships went through a minefield and was pulling a trawl. Hence the constant stress of people waiting on the deadly explosion.

Trimmed trailing and floated a mine (if it didn't explode under the ship or trawl) must be destroyed. At sea to consolidate her subversive cartridge. Mine explosion more reliable shooting of the naval guns, as is often the projectile pierced the shell of the mines without hitting the fuse. Unexploded mines lay on the ground, introducing a new, not amenable to elimination danger.

naval mines of the second world

Conclusion

Marine mine, photos which inspire fear only one view, still is a formidable, deadly, yet cheap weapons. Devices have become more “smart” and more powerful. There are some applications installed with nuclear warheads. In addition to these types, there are towed, shestoye, propelling, self and other "infernal machine".


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UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/b-znes/26571-mors-ka-m-na-foto.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/business/15396-mina.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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