Complex compound. Definition, classification

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2018-03-27 01:09:08

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To give a more or less precise definition of what constitutes complex compounds modern chemistry has to be based on the main provisions of the coordination theory, which was proposed by A. Werner in 1893 the complexity of the issue lies in the diversity and multiplicity of various chemical compounds falling under the definition of complex.

In General, complex compounds – are chemical substances, which is the number of complex particles. So far science has no strict definition of “complex particle”. Often use the following definition: integrated particle understand the complex particle, which is able to exist both in the crystal and in solution. It consists of simple particles, which in turn have the ability to exist independently. Often the definition of the complex particles are subject to complex chemical particles, in which all connection or part is formed at the donor-acceptor principle.

A Common feature possessed by all complex compounds is the presence in their structure of the Central atom, known as “the complexing agent”. Given the variety possessed by these compounds, to talk about some General terms, this element is not necessary. Often the complexing agent is an atom that forms the metal. But this is not simply a symptom: known complex compounds where the Central atom is the atom of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iodine and other elements, which is a bright nonmetals. Speaking about the charge of complexing agent, we can say that mostly it is positive, and in the scientific literature got the name of the metal center, but there are examples where the Central atom had a negative charge, and even zero.

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Accordingly, isolated groups of atoms or individual atoms, which are located around the complexing agent, are referred to as ligands. It could be the particles before entry into the compound was a molecule, for example, water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3), and many others, also it can be anions OH−, and PO43− , Cl−, or the hydrogen cation H+.

Attempt to classify complex compounds according to the type of charge complex divides these chemical compounds into cationic complexes, which are formed around a positively charged ion and neutral molecules. There are also anionic complexes, the complexing agent which is an atom with a positive oxidation state. Simple and complex anions are the ligands. A separate group can be distinguished neutral complexes. Their formation occurs by coordination around a neutral atom molecules. Also, this category of complex substances include compounds formed by the simultaneous coordination around a positively charged ion and molecules, and negatively charged ions.

Considering the number of seats occupied by the ligands in the so-called coordination sphere, determine monodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligands.

The formation of complex compounds in a variety of ways allows you to classify the nature of the ligand. Among them distinguish ammanati in which the ligands are represented by molecules of ammonia, aquacomplex, where the ligand is water, CARBONYLS – carbon monoxide plays a role of ligand. Additionally, there are acidogenic, in which the Central atom is surrounded by acidic residues. If it is surrounded by hydroxide ions, the compound belongs to the hydroxocomplexes.

Complex compounds play an important role in nature. Without them it is impossible the functioning of living organisms. Also, the use of complex compounds in human activity allows to carry out complex technological operations.

Analytical chemistry, extraction of metals from ores, electroplating, manufacture of varnishes and paints – this is only a brief list of industries in which there was a use of complex chemical substances.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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