The subway tunnel. The Metropolitan Of Moscow

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2018-03-21 15:01:12

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Classic subway tunnel in Moscow was built without a plan and without planning the future development of roads. This has led to some chaos in the transport system, which is observed to this day. Currently, guided by uniform rules, according to the document SNiP 32-02-2003.

How to create an underground transport system?

The First subway tunnel it was decided to start building in 1931. Created projects based on geological data. Materials for construction were selected concrete slabs, which are still preserved ever since.subway tunnel

The subway Tunnel was dug during the year, about 2 million cubic meters shipped to create long shafts. About 88 thousand tons of metal was spent on laying paths and the strengthening of the vaults. The first building contained a wooden structure and equipped with massive insulation materials.

The subway Tunnel was a costly project, it took more than 800 million rubles. The reinforced concrete arches were later replaced by rubble masonry, but at that time actively used the first construction. The inclined arches were strengthened with cast-iron tubing, of waterproofing materials were chosen roofing material, Pergamin, glued with bitumen.

Such designs require careful and constant maintenance that is less costly after the launch of the facility. The Metropolitan of Moscow wears out with age and require reconstruction, compared to the cost of construction of a new tunnel. Therefore, the new projects already contain a recovery options through several decades and provide for the renovation of buildings.

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Materials for early subway

The construction of the tunnels was carried out by reinforced concrete slabs, which were coated with outer layers of gravel, layer of the earth. Vaulted ceilings provides high strength and reliability of structures. On open sections of road were carried out flat ceilings. Due to the lack of load ground lines were run in a rectangular way.construction of tunnels

The construction of the tunnels is ongoing. Moscow is growing, and increased requirements for passenger transportation. Materials early buildings no longer stand up to current speed and intensity of movement of cars. But the circular shape of the tunnels has been preserved to the present day. Such a construction is simpler and more reliable can be isolated from water that flows over the head of the citizens while on a trip in the subway.

The underground of Moscow has several levels of laying under the ground. This is necessary to avoid intersecting lines. The design includes the immediate area passengers and travel tunnels. All branches are connected by transitions that help move long distances through a complex route.

Device subway

The underpasses of metro stations have curved arches similar to the tunnels. In areas where equipped with platforms for boarding and alighting passengers, mounted bearing columns. Here also the upper part of the arc was performed.Metropolitan of Moscow

The Platforms have tried to place between the tracks to facilitate the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers. But some stations have side platforms, such is the station “the Comintern”. Under the same platform often located office space, less they take out in the area of the socket where there is a deep level of emplacement of ways.

The subway Tunnels end dead-end branches where the compositions are deployed for the movement in the opposite direction. There are spare tanks for the storage of defective cars. On some routes the stubs mounted in the middle of the train. Such negotiable way to the station "Komsomolskaya", it is located in the city centre. This measure is needed to provide a more intensive train traffic.

Features

The Underground is laid on a few levels, it helps to organize effective route system. Station are within walking distance from each other. The depth varies within the following limits:

  • Deep tunnels – the size is calculated to platform level from the surface of the street and are from 16 to 35 meters.
  • Surface tunnels are laid at a depth of 7 to 9 meters.
  • Tunnels average depths are between 9 and 16 meters.

The Length of fixed stations and up to 8 cars. And the width varies from 10 to 21 meters and depends on the depth of the tunnels. Each room is equipped with emergency lighting in case of emergency. Norm of lighting in the stations is organized according to the standard, indicating the requirement of 100 Lux.underpasses of metro stations

The Distance between stations varies from 500 to 1400 meters. Tunnels with lifts and escalators referred to, is inclined at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizon. Heating of the tunnel air is provided from hauls to the stations, eliminates the possibility of cooling paths.

Facilities Design

Some of the stations belong to architectural heritage. Each of them has its own unique way. For the finishing of previously used materials such as granite andmarble. Patterns filled surfaces of columns, walls and arches. Illumination was carried out a massive lighting.

The Railway tunnels have a ground track similar to the metro. If desired, a conventional wagon could easily follow on the underground branches. New subway routes often overlap with the existing railway tracks, which facilitates the modernization of the metro and the opening of new branches.underground station

The Light tunnels are available. To eliminate accidents in the subway installed signal lights having red and green signal. Stoplight the driver to overcome can not. There is a system of automatic block system when the brakes are applied independently with moving carriage of the special lever.

Automation

The Transport tunnel is a complex structure, equipped with dispatching systems, protective devices, controlling devices. On the edge of the tunnel stretch of the supply line with a high DC voltage of 825 volts. Required value produce special substation, located deep under the ground.transport tunnel

The Leading car is equipped with 4 engines with a capacity of 150 kW. The brakes of each railcar operate on Pneumatics with electric. The automation system provides the normal movement of trains with a repetition interval of 1.75 minutes. The speed of each train is estimated average speed of 40 km per hour. The maximum possible for each car 75 miles per hour. Modern trains can follow much faster, but requires you to blaze new travel line.

Purpose routes

To extend the operating capabilities of the tunnels require constant supervision and interior design. This involved an accredited organization, having vast experience in conducting such works. For this is the strengthening of the arches and load-bearing parts of the tunnels.railway tunnels

Improving water resistance of the Foundation materials. The removal of accumulated moisture in the total effluents. Changing the characteristics of the adjacent soil. Replacement of worn-out parts of the concrete. This applies to the injection of fluids into the formed cavity, the latest waterproofing materials and waterproof coating.

Status

To prevent accidents constantly runs a monitoring Commission is able to detect voids in the vaults, cracks in load-bearing parts of the walls and Foundation. The latest development of instrumentation to help identify the smallest elementary processes in concrete, metal parts.

For the arches of tunnels, it is important to stop the removal of the soil covering the outer wall of the fortifications. To eliminate the negative effect widely used method injection. The dense fluid composition is injected into the space formed, changing the properties of the soil. Simultaneously, treatment of the internal surfaces of vlagouderzhivatel substances.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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