What is the difference between polysemantic words from homonyms? Definition, examples

In the study of the Russian language have a lot of terms. In the section "Vocabulary", there are more than two dozen terms that allow us to explain various phenomena in the vocabulary of the Russian language. What is the difference between polysemantic words from homonyms, described later in this article.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary – this is the main branch of linguistics. It consists of units-words, with which we can formulate ideas. Making your thoughts with words, we mean that these words represent. Such meanings of words are fixed in dictionaries.

Each dictionary entry correlates of sound envelope of the word with the object or phenomenon which it denotes. The lexical meaning from the totality of the features of the word calls the most basic, those that are considered as similarsocial.

A Word with no value can not be. And here I must say about this phenomenon in the Russian language: some words have one meaning (e.g., bandages, aspirin, trolley, noun, etc.), and some (for example, the fire in the stove and the shower sleeve shirt and river, etc.).

The Unambiguous words in the Russian language quite a lot, usually are terms, names of animals, plants or the name of a profession. For example, the syntax, deer, birch, neurologist. If with this group everything is clear, the second may cause some difficulties in the definition: here we can talk about two terms that are different from each other. This homonyms and polysemantic words.

Words that have the same value, allow us to build our speech clear and understandable. With another group the situation is more complex: their meaning is clear only from the context.

Examples of homonyms and polysemantic words in a careful study shows the main differences of these groups from each other.

Multi-valued

When we say a sound set, which in our minds is associated to several objects or phenomena of reality, that we are dealing with a compound word.

For Example, the word "star" to represent the star in the sky, a star of show business, the star of the sea.

Polysemantic words in Russian language – not uncommon. This is the most frequency, common words. They can have many meanings. For example, the word "go" in the dictionary Ozhegova has twenty-six values. Among them are: time goes by (passes), the clock (showing the time), raining (dripping), the person goes (moves), coat comes (fit to face), etc.

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The values of polysemantic words have a common component. For example, this "direction" the word "road": asphalted road, the road home, the road of life, a journey.

All values of polysemous words are divided into two groups: the first – the direct and derivative – portable. Second – a result of the transfer of sound-letter shell words on another object on some basis. For example, the word "hat" has the meaning "the hat" and "part of the mushroom", a common symptom of "field of round shape".

As a result of such transfer may be metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor – is the transfer on the basis of similarity: the shape (bell), color (gray clouds); location (the tail of the aircraft), function (canopy entrance). Metonymy draws an emotional picture (the storm of applause – loud applause, to live in the hole – bad).

And now look what is the difference between polysemantic words from homonyms.

Homonyms

This is another group of words in the Russian language. They have similarities in spelling and pronunciation, but they mean completely different things. For example, Xhosa – women's haircut and agricultural tool, goggles – a device for improving vision and game account.

Thus, the similarity in some way – this is what is the difference between polysemantic words from homonyms.

Types of homonyms

The Homonyms are divided into the following types:

• Homographs-these are the words written alike, but pronounced differently; for example, "lock" – "castle";
• Homophones – are heard equally, but differently written; for example, "raft" – "fruit";
• Moform – these are words that coincide in some grammatical form; for example, "glass" – a noun and a verb in the past tense.

Distinctions

The modern poet Alexander Kushner has a poem "We and the alien bill", which clearly presented and homonyms, and polysemous words: the differences between the two groups seen very well.

We are on the Neva Liu­Bo­VA­Lis Mor­Mrs.­mi,

As they PLA­VA­Li, STIs­nu­you ice­mi.

Ino­Stra­finally named bill

Was near us and all UDI­vil:

“You go­in­ri­those that the Mor­JI­ha

Well, she's in Sha­Poch­ke, words­but pilaf­Chi­ha?”...

“Sorry, – I ska­hall – which Mosk­VI­Chi Phi­for­Le

Le­NIN­grad­ant points OTO­bra­do”.

Ino­Stra­finally named bill

Was near us and all UDI­vil:

“Let – ska­hall – to new York­ka to­to take­Xia,

Send points to­ro­GIM Le­NIN­grad­Cam”.

Set­th­Val­ing words in­PS­VA­ly pre­me­you, who have similar symptom. INR­th­Val­tion in thisSTI­Ho­your­re­NII ne­La­et­Xia the word Walrus – cereals­ing se­ver­ing Mor­tion JI­here­ing.­bi­tel ZIM­no­margin ku­PA­tion. Common sense­lo­new part.­.­it­u­ting the know­th­tion, – mind­tion PLA­o Le­JY­tion water.

Ino­Stra­finally on behalf of the bill do not understand, know­th­tion of the word Points. He thought it was pre­met for impro­neck­tion of view­tion, and in STI­Ho­your­re­NII th­in­RIT­Xia about the account in dispute­tiv­tion game. Between LEC­si­th­ski­mi Incor­th­no­I­mi of these words is not the gathering­tion. This OMO­no­we.

For distinctions of these terms to use dictionaries. Them with a special mark shows what words are multivalued and which are homonyms.

Causes of homonyms

Linguists explain the reasons for the occurrence of homonyms in the Russian language.

1. Borrowing lead to the fact that a foreign word can be the same in spelling and sound. For example, the German word "marriage" (negative), appearing in our language, coincided with the Russian "marriage" (family relationships).
2. The word-building using existing language tools (roots and affixes) also appear the same words. For example, the word "settlement" meaning "the place of ancient settlement" coincided with formed later is identical, but with a value of "huge city".
3. There is a change in native Russian words under the influence of processes operating in the language. For example, the word "bow", which had a value of "antique weapons" has acquired a new meaning "garden plants".
4. The Collapse of polysemous words also leads to the appearance of homonyms. So the word "light" in the sense of "universe, world" has become the new "dawn, morning".

Knowing the processes that occur in a language you can understand, what is the difference between polysemantic words from homonyms.