Aleksandr Nikolayevich Ostrovsky – the famous Russian writer and playwright, had a significant influence on the development of the national theatre. He formed a new school of realistic games and wrote many wonderful pieces. This article will outline the main stages of creativity Ostrovsky. And also the most significant moments of his biography.
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, a photo of which is presented in this article, was born in 1823, March 31, in Moscow, in the area of Malaya Ordynka. His dad – Nikolai Fedorovich – grew up in a family of a priest, he graduated from the Moscow theological Academy itself, but to serve in the Church did not. He became a barrister, was engaged in commercial and litigation. Nikolay Fedorovich has been promoted to the rank of titular counselor, and later (1839) to the nobility. The mother of the future playwright – Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna – was the daughter of the Sexton. She died when Alexander was only seven years old. In the Ostrowski family has grown up six children. Nikolai Fedorovich did everything that children grow up in prosperity and received a good education. A few years after the death of Lyubov Ivanovna he married again. His wife was Emilia Andreyevna von Tessin, Baroness, daughter of a Swedish nobleman. The children are very lucky to have a stepmother: she was able to find an approach to them and continued to engage in their education.
Alexander Ostrovsky spent his childhood in the heart of Zamoskvorechye. His father was a very good library, thanks to which the boy early became acquainted with the literature of Russian writers and felt a penchant for writing. However, the father saw the boy only a lawyer. Therefore, in 1835, Alexander gave the First Moscow gymnasium, after training in which he became a student of Moscow University. However, to get a law degree Ostrovsky and failed. He quarreled with the lecturer and left the University. On the advice of father Alexander went to the service in the court scribe and worked in this position for several years.
However, Alexander did not leave attempts to prove himself in the literary field. In his first plays he held out an accusatory, “moral-public” direction. Ostrovsky's first works were printed in the new publication, “Moscow City Piece”, in 1847. It was the outline for the Comedy “the debtor Failed” and the essay "Notes Zamoskvoretsky resident”. Under the post was listed on the letters “A.” and “D.” the fact that a Dmitry Gorev invited the young playwright cooperation. It did not progress beyond writing one of the scenes, but later became Ostrovsky source of trouble. Some detractors later accused the playwright of plagiarism. In the future, from the pen of Alexander Nikolayevich released many gorgeous pieces and nobody dares to question his talent. Next will be described in detail the life and work of Ostrovsky. The table below will allow to systematize the information.
When it happened? The great popularity of the work of Ostrovsky received after the publication in 1850 of Comedy ‘Its people – are numbered!”. This work aroused positive reviews in literary circles. I. A. Goncharov and N. Gogol gave the play a positive rating. However, in this barrel of honey got an impressive bump. Influential representatives of the Moscow merchants, resentful of the class, complained to higher authorities for daring playwright. The play was immediately banned to the play, the author was expelled from service and placed under strict police surveillance. And it happened on the personal order of the Emperor Nicholas the First. Supervision was eliminated only after he ascended to the throne of the Emperor Alexander II. A Comedy theater audience saw only in 1861, after the lifting of the ban on its production.
The Early works of A. N. Ostrovsky did not remain without attention, the works were published mainly in the journal "Muscovite". Playwright actively cooperated with this book and as a critic, and as editor in 1850-1851. Under the influence of “young edition" magazine and the main ideologue of this group, A. A. Grigoriev, Alexander wrote plays “Poverty is no crime”, “Not in your own sled”, “Not as live as you want”. Themes of creativity Ostrovsky in this period – the idealization of Patriarchy, of the old Russian customs and traditions. The mood is slightly dampen accusatory pathoscreativity of the writer. However, in the works of this cycle has increased dramaturgical skills of Alexander Nikolayevich. His plays became famous and popular.
Since 1853, and for thirty years, plays Alexander Nikolayevich each season were shown on the stages of Small (in Moscow) and Alexandrinsky (in St. Petersburg) theatres. Since 1856 the work of Ostrovsky regularly covered by the magazine “Contemporaries” (print works). During the social upheaval in the country (before the abolition of serfdom in 1861) works of the writer regained accusatory sharpness. In the play “In a strange feast hangover” the writer created an impressive image Bruskova Titus of Titica that embodies a rough and dark force domestic tyranny. Here for the first time heard the word “tyrant”, established subsequently, for a whole gallery of characters Ostrovsky. In the Comedy “Profitable” derided has become the norm of life prodanesti officials. Drama “Student” was a living protest against violence against the person. Will be described below, and other stages of creativity Ostrovsky. But the pinnacle of the achievements of this period of his literary activity was the socio-psychological drama “Storm”.
In this piece “bytovik” Ostrovskiy drew the dull atmosphere of a provincial town, with its hypocrisy, brutality, the unquestioned authority of the “senior” and of rich. In contrast to the imperfect world of men Alexander portrays a fascinating picture of the Volga nature. The image of Catherine covered the tragic beauty and grim charm. The storm symbolises the mental turmoil of the heroine and at the same time represents the burden of fear, under which ordinary people live. The Kingdom of blind obedience to erode, according to Ostrovsky, the two forces: common sense, who preaches in the play Kuligin, and the pure soul of Catherine. In his ‘Beam of light in the darkness” critic Dobrolyubov's interpretation of the image of the heroine as a symbol of the deep protest, gradually ripening in the country.
Thanks to the play soared to an unattainable height, the work of Ostrovsky. “Storm” did Alexander's most famous and revered Russian playwright.
In the second half of the 1860-ies Alexander took up the study of the history of the time of Troubles. He began to correspond with the well-known historian and public figure Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Based on the study of serious playwright was established a series of historical works: «Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky”, “Kozma Minin Saharic-Withered”, “other”. Problems of national history was depicted Ostrovsky talented and reliable.
Alexander remained faithful to his favourite theme. In 1860, he wrote a lot of “household” dramas and plays. Among them: “difficult days”, “Deep”, “Joker”. These works have secured already found a writer's motives. From the end of 1860-ies the work of Ostrovsky is experiencing a period of active development. In his drama there are images and themes of “new”, a survivor of reform in Russia: businessmen, purchasers, degenerate Patriarchal moneybags and "westernized" merchants. Alexander has created a brilliant cycle of satirical comedies, debunks the illusion of post-reform citizens: “easy money”, “warm heart”, “the wolves and the sheep”, “the Forest”. Moral ideal of the playwright are a pure soul, a noble people: Stool of “Hot heart" Aksyusha of “Forests”. Submission Ostrovsky about the meaning of life, happiness and duty embodied in the play “the Labor of bread». Almost all the works of Alexander Nikolayevich, written in 1870-ies, published in "Domestic notes".
The Appearance of this poetic play was completely random. The little theatre in 1873, was closed for repairs. His artists moved to the Bolshoi theatre. In this regard, the management Board of the Moscow Imperial theatres decided to create a play which will involve three of the troupe: Opera, ballet and drama. To write this piece came from Alexander Ostrovsky. “maiden” was written by the playwright in a very short time. The author tookthe story of the Russian folk tales. During the play he was very careful about the size of the verses, consulted with archaeologists, historians, scholars of antiquity. The music for the play composed by the young Tchaikovsky. Premiere of the play took place in 1873, may 11, on the stage of the Bolshoi theatre. Stanislavsky spoke of “maiden” about a fairy-tale, a dream narrated in the sonorous and magnificent poetry. He said he was a realist and bytovik Ostrovsky wrote this play like before that was not interested in anything but pure romance and poetry.
During this period, Ostrovsky wrote a significant socio-psychological Comedy and drama. They tell of the tragic fate of a sensitive, talented women in a cynical and greedy world: “Talents and admirers”, “bride”. Here the playwright has developed new techniques of dramatic expression that anticipated the work of Anton Chekhov. Keeping the features of his dramaturgy, Alexander sought to bring in “intelligent subtle Comedy” “inner struggle" characters.
In 1866, Alexander founded the famous Artistic circle. He later gave Moscow the scene of many talented figures. Ostrovsky visited D. V. Grigorovich, I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovskii, A. F. Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Yermolov, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, L. N. Tolstoy, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I. E. Turchaninov.
In 1874 in Russia was the Society of Russian drama writers and Opera composers. The Chairman of the Association was chosen by Alexander Ostrovsky. Pictures of well-known public figure was known to every lover of dramatic art in Russia. The reformer had made many efforts to ensure that the theatre management law was revised in favor of artists, and thereby significantly improved their financial and social position.
In 1885 Alexander was appointed to the post of the head part of the repertory theaters of Moscow and became head of the drama school.
The Work of Alexander Ostrovsky is inextricably linked with the development of the Russian theatre in its modern sense. The playwright and the writer managed to create their own drama school and the special holistic concept of the production of theatrical performances.
Features of works of Ostrovsky in the theatre are the lack of counter acting nature and extreme situations in the play. In the works of Alexander Nikolayevich ordinary events happening to ordinary people.
The Main ideas of reform:
The Idea that the writer came up with Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich, was subsequently elaborated by M. A. Bulgakov and K. S. Stanislavsky.
Personal life of a playwright was no less interesting than his literary work. In a civil marriage with a simple bourgeois lived for almost twenty years Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich. Interesting facts and details of the marital relationship of the writer and his first wife still excite researchers.
In 1847, in the St. Voroshilovskom the alley next to the house where lived the artist settled with his thirteen year old sister young girl Agafya Ivanovna. She had no relatives, no friends. No one knows when she met with Alexander Sokurov. However, in 1848 the young people had a son, Alexei. For child-rearing conditions had no and the boy was temporarily placed in a foster house. Ostrovsky's father was terribly angry that his son not only left a prestigious University, but contacted a simple housewife, living in the neighborhood.
But Alexander stood firm and when his father along with a stepmother moved in recently purchased the estate Shchelykovo Kostroma in the province, settled with Agafya Ivanovna in his wooden house.
The Writer and ethnographer S. V. Maksimov jokingly referred to his first wife Ostrovsky ‘Martha Governor's wife,” because it was near the writer in times of severe need and severe deprivation. Friends Ostrovsky characterize Agafya Ivanovna as a man by nature very intelligent and a heart. It is great to know the manners and customs of the merchant's life and has had an obvious influence on the work of Ostrovsky. Alexander often consulted with her about the creation of their works. In addition, Agafya Ivanovna was a wonderful and hospitable hostess. But a formal marriage with her Ostrovskiy not issued even after the death of his father. All children born in this Union, died very young, only the oldest, Alex, did not long survive the mother.
Over time the audience had other Hobbies. He waspassionately in love with Lubov Pavlovna Kosicky-Nikulin, who played Katherine at the premiere of “Thunderstorm” in 1859. However, it soon occurred personal breakup: actress threw a playwright for a wealthy merchant.
Then Alexander Nikolayevich had a connection with a young artist Vasilyeva-Bakhmetieva. Agafya Ivanovna knew about it, but stoically bore the cross and managed to keep the respect going. The woman died in 1867, March 6, after a long illness. Alexander did not move from her bedside until the very end. The burial place of Ostrovsky's first wife is unknown.
Two years later, the playwright married Vasilyeva-Bakhmetieva, who bore him two daughters and four sons. This woman Alexander lived until the end of his days.
The Tense social and creative activities could not affect the condition of the writer. Moreover, despite a good camp, with drama and an annual pension in the amount of 3 thousand rubles, cash Alexander all the time is not enough. Exhausted by constant worries, the body of the writer in the end failed. In 1886, on June 2, the writer died at his estate Shchelykovo near Kostroma. The Emperor Alexander III bestowed on the burial of the playwright 3 thousand rubles. In addition, the writer's widow, he was given a pension in the amount of 3 thousand rubles, and on the education of children Ostrovsky – 2400 rubles per year.
The Life and work of Ostrovsky briefly can be displayed in a chronological table.
In 1823, March 31 | A. N. Ostrovsky came to light. |
1835. | The Future writer entered the First Moscow gymnasium. |
1840 | Ostrovsky became a student of Moscow University and began to study law. |
1843. | Alexander left the University without receiving a diploma. |
1843. | Ostrovsky began serving as a scribe in the Moscow courts. He was engaged in this work until 1851. |
1846 | The Writer conceived a Comedy called “Picture of family happiness”. |
1847. | “Moscow City Piece” came the essay "Notes Zamoskvoretsky resident” sketches and plays “Picture of family happiness”. |
1850. | Ostrovsky published the play ‘Its people - are numbered!”. For this he was dismissed from service and is under police surveillance. |
1852 | The Publication of the Comedy “the Poor bride" magazine "Muscovite". |
1853. | The First Ostrovsky play at the Maly theater. It's a Comedy called “Not in your own sled”. |
1854 | Writer write a paper “the sincerity in criticism”. The premiere of the play “Poverty is no crime”. |
1856. | Alexander is an employee of the magazine “Contemporary”. He also participates in the Volga ethnographic expedition. |
1857. | Ostrovsky finished work on the Comedy “Not together”. His other play – “Profitable” - it is forbidden to play. |
1859 | Held in a Small theatre the premiere of the drama Ostrovsky “Storm”. Leaves the collected works of the writer in two volumes. |
1860. | “Storm” is published in print. The playwright gets her the Uvarov prize. The characteristics of creativity outlined by Ostrovsky Dobrolyubov in a critical article “Beam of light in the darkness”. |
1962 | Printed at the “contemporary” historical drama “Kozma Minin Saharic-Withered”. Work has begun on the Comedy “Balzaminov's Marriage”. |
1863 | Ostrovsky received the Uvarov prize for a play called "Sin da trouble for anyone not living" and became a member-correspondent of Petersburg Academy of Sciences. |
The year 1866 (according to some – 1865) | Alexander has created an Artistic circle and became his foreman. |
1868 | The Writer published Comedy “At any sage rather simplicity,” and arranged for its premiere at the Maly theatre. |
1873 | Presented on court of spectators a spring fairy tale “snow white”. |
1874. | Ostrovsky became the head of the Society of Russian drama writers and Opera composers. |
1885 | Alexander was appointed to the post of the head part of the repertory theatre of Moscow. He also became head of the drama school. |
1886, June 2 | Writer dies at his estate nearKostroma. |
These events were filled with the life and work of Ostrovsky. A table that shows the main incidents in the life of the writer, will help to better understand his biography. The dramatic legacy of Alexander Nikolaevich cannot be overemphasized. The little theatre during the life of the great artist became known as ‘house of Ostrovsky”, and that says a lot. The work of Ostrovsky is a brief description of which is set out in this article, it is necessary to study it in more detail.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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