Menzogna survey area: description, requirements and features

Mensula — it's a surveying tool in a fixture, standing on a tripod of three or four feet. Mensula translates from the Latin for "table". This device or a tablet made from the Board, which is on a tripod. Table covered with white paper and attached to the tripod using manzolini box. Supplied with tablet devices the sighting device in the form of kiprees or alidade, plumb and compass. Upper body mentholy rotates on the lower base with adapter and guiding screws. Ciproglen endorse the points of the terrain, whether mountain, river, intersection, or lake and others.

The Concept of mansuli

Mentula has the degree in order to be sure of its horizontal location relative to terrain. In addition to the optic tube, kobrehel consists of a copper line, which can be used to calculate the scale length, height measured and recorded object. Its structure will be discussed separately.

There was this invention in Bavaria in the early 17th century for the compilation of topographic plan of the area. Today mensulu used to produce maps at a relatively small area with an approximate scale of 1:5000 to 1:500. Recently, there have been mensely with semi-automatic mechanisms kepregeny. They allow you to remove the scale 1:10000, which is much automatiseret process.

General concepts

Surveying instruments measure angles, direction and distance. After shooting, people are calculating the coordinates in my office, record and draw the results on the finished topographic map. Manzullo shooting how to carry out? Its technological process is different from others in that all the calculations, design and drafting is to work on fixing areas. It is produced directly in the field in manual mode.

Menzogna shooting technology geodetic surveying, which at the minimum expenses of forces and time allows on the spot to obtain site plan showing the topography and other features in the form of symbols. Is a collection of works for the compilation of the graphical plan. With the help of various devices plotted points representing any objects, in accordance with the calculated scale.

The Structure of mansuli

Mentula is installed in the correct location on a steady tripod. Box is equipped with different screws. It's called manzolini, and it contains:

• Leading screws;
• Lift;
• The screws that secure mensulu and tablet.

Usually Made from basswood, menzogna Board strong, lightweight and very long crack. It has a perfectly smooth surface with a thickness of 3 cm, and the length and width 60 cm. on Top of this Board set the sheets of aluminium or plywood. On them pre-moistened in water, stick the drawing paper of good quality, which after dry, takes a perfectly smooth form. Sticking the paper, it is necessary to smooth it from the center to the edge so not to leave glue or starch, and air bubbles. Usually in the field for manzolini boards carry a large umbrella to ensure that the paper does not fade, do not fall under the rain and does not blind the eyes in strong sun.

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Set mansuli for carrying out geodetic works

In order to center mensulu, see if the depicted item network on the same line as your chosen point or object. Orient the device by turning or rotating the base of mensely to match with the desired objects on the ground. To check whether your parting is oriented geodesic can with a ruler and measuring the distance from one point to the other, watching at the same time, are milestones in the optic tube with dots on paper.

In places where no people live, are allowed to Orient mensulu magnetic azimuth. Some experts use landmark-compass. It is used to Orient the sides of the horizon. The level on the line of kiprees should show the bubble on zero. This will mean that your instrument is in the correct, horizontal position.

Preparatory work

In Addition to properly install mensulu on the ground, you need to do some preparatory work. Before performing geodetic works is required on the screen to mark points basis, grid, corners, top apply a drawing paper, a shirt, and then cut Windows in the locations of mensely. The pencil, which are applied to the symbols and the corners must be firm and always sharp when you need to quickly and easily washable rubber-eraser. Nakoly produced with a meter, should also be very subtle, barely noticeable. All unnecessary pencil lines should be erased without delay and smudges of dirt.

Centering over the desired point can be carried out manzolini with a fork. Especially if the scale larger than 1:2000. If the parameter is less then it can be done on the eyes. A new semi-automatic ciprelli allow to put points on the plan, not dragging it on the ground. Their speakers come with a vertical circle with a cylindrical level, allowing the device to be installedhorizontally, and the pipe with a 30x magnifier.

The Order of work and applied devices

For proper construction plan of the area is necessary not only to carry out preparatory work, but also to observe a number of conditions for the map.

Used in manzolini shooting devices and the order of execution:

• Install mensulu over a certain earlier point.
• Analizirajte and Orient with manzolini fork and level.
• Niveliruya, depending on the level on the ruler and using the leveling screws.
• Orient along the magnetic Meridian or lines on the plan.
• Label the initial curve using pipe kiprees.
• Calculate the distance from the initial curve to the new point.
• Get the height of the point on the corresponding formula.
• Adding the height of the new point to the main, will receive new mark, which can be fixed on the tablet.
• Indicate the direction to the point on the sidelines of your tablet by a thin line.

If you measure the angles made between the lines, you can get the approximate height of the particular displayed object. But that's not all. Using the measured height on the terrain map displays and terrain. If the parcel measured area is large, over 15 sq km, you need to build a geodetic reference network and complement it with items of the shooting, analytical grids and chains. For the scale to 1:5000 is allowed to carry out survey 1 survey network.

Network manzolini shooting

Points which is menzogna survey and topographic survey, the features of which depend on the topography and type of terrain are called the reference points in surveying, or networks. The coordinates of these points are either already known or they are obtained using the calculations analytically. They are created through different methods, but the result of them and the result is the same. Although the conditions of the calculations may be different. Various methods are used for a precise determination of all measurements. For example, with an area of 2500 ha and have to plan it about 120-130 points, if the scale is 1:10000.

The Principle of execution

Due to the correct graphic creations, you can perform photogrammetric triangulation, depending on the shooting conditions. There are various methods that implement the principles of manzolini shooting:

• Straight serifs (two known points).
• Lateral notches (one known and the other inaccessible point, using calculations).
• Reverse tick tasks Potent.
• The Back sight according to the method of Bolotov.

Menzogna shooting: the essence of m etodo

Spreading the right point objects, you can make a topographic plan, not moving from one place to another. This shot creates a polar way depending on the orientation of the tablet.

For manzolini topographic survey choose points, which are fixed on the ground. They have coordinates and altitude. There are several types of moves for surveying. Benzolnye moves build on the directions, measure with a ruler and fabric by the meter.

Mentula must be stable, the surface is clean and flat, positioned to the right, moving easily. Kobrehel should be OK to work smoothly, its range should be even. Telescope perpendicular to the axis of rotation and the vertical strands of the mesh. It is possible to justify the graphical and analytical method planned manzullo shooting.

The Paper prior to conducting manzolini shots should be lined with a coordinate grid. The device is mounted on the main point, for example “And”. It should be the same as that in the tablet, and the one on the ground. A plumb line will help to carry out centering, the range of kiprees designed to hold orientation. The distance determined by the rangefinder and compass gauge at scale. Tacheometric tables and vertical angles of lines is to calculate the height of exaltation, or Vice versa. In the designation of a point calculated object recorded next to the pinned point.

At the end of the work, when all points of the area transferred to the tablet, all the elevation, coordinates, and considered all the angles, start to draw the plan area. If this legend is applied the relief. After the immediate reconciliation of the plan are to finalize at room conditions, using ink and making the remaining designation.

The Advantages

There are a number of advantages manzolini surveying:

• Inexpensive way of removing the ground plan.
• Held in place, so it has high accuracy.
• Not very bulky equipment which can be transported from one point to another.
• Some aesthetics from close contact with the terrain.
• A Minimum of labor. To do all one person.

Disadvantages of technology

There are drawbacks, because of which this type of shooting was not very popular. Today it is replaced with more automated methods of preparation of geodetic plans for the area. The disadvantages should include:

• Dependence on weather conditions.
• Long shooting process and calculate data and communicate plan to a reasonable conclusion, which are almost verbally.
• Heavy, time-consuming operation.
• Thisthe process is not automated, and so before you see the results in electronic form, you need to work hard. And only then you can scan or take a picture.