Acute pancreatitis: complications, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Acute pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The symptoms of the disease in the first place is unbearable sharp pain in the abdomen. The localization of the pain will depend on what part of the gland is inflamed. So, the pain may be localized in the epigastric region, in the left or the right upper quadrant.

It is Possible that sensations of pain are surrounding the character. Pancreatitis in the chronic form, accompanied by such symptoms as loss of appetite, digestive disorders, acute pain that occurs after drinking alcohol, spicy or fatty foods.

In this paper, we consider complications in acute pancreatitis.

Description of the disease

Pancreatitis is a disease characterized by the occurrence and development of inflammatory processes affecting the tissue of the pancreas. Pancreatitis can be classified by the nature of his current chronic and acute. The pancreatitis in the acute form is the third in the ranking of the most common diseases of abdominal organs requiring treatment in hospital. On the first and second place, respectively, are acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis. Complications of acute pancreatitis can be very serious.

Statistics

World statistics say that each year up to 800 million people from getting sick, such illness as acute pancreatitis. Men with this kind of pancreatitis are more often sick than women. The age of onset has a fairly wide range, and it is connected directly with the reasons for which acute pancreatitis occurred. If acute pancreatitis have emerged on the background of excessive alcohol consumption, the patients ' mean age is 39 years. If the cause of this disease was gallstone disease, the average age of patients is 69 years.

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The Pathogenesis and etiology of acute pancreatitis

The Emergence of such diseases as acute pancreatitis, can contribute to a variety of factors. Among them:

• Cholelithiasis.
• Harmful eating habits.
• Alcohol Abuse.
• Viral infections such as Coxsackie virus.
• Bacterial infection, for example, campilobacteria or Mycoplasma.
• Injury to the pancreas.

• Medicines that contain estrogens, corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, and azathioprine. That is, those medicines that have a pathological effect on the pancreas. This drug is pancreatitis.
• Surgical interventions, which were aimed at the treatment of other diseases of the pancreas and biliary tract.
• Cystic fibrosis.
• Genetic predisposition.
• A Congenital anomaly, which influenced the development of the pancreas.
• Diseases of the digestive tract inflammatory disorders, including cholecystitis, duodenitis, hepatitis.

Complications of acute pancreatitis can be prevented if timely identification of pathology.

Trigger

According To the most widespread theory about the cause of pancreatitis, a major factor that triggers the development of this disease, is considered to be the cellular damage caused by enzymes that are prematurely activated. If conditions are normal, the pancreas secretes enzymes involved in digestion, in a reactive state. Activation takes place directly in the digestive tract. In that case, if there are internal pathological factors or influenced by external factors, activation of enzymes occurs in a timely manner, in the tissues of the pancreas. The result is digestion of pancreatic tissue itself. As a result, inflammation develops swelling of tissues, occurs in vessels of the parenchyma of the gland. History of the disease (acute pancreatitis) is known to all professionals.

If the pancreatitis is acute, then a similar pathological process may affect the tissue located in close proximity to the cancer itself, for example, may be affected tissue retroperitoneal, omental pouch, the peritoneum, omentum, mesentery of the bowel, ligament of the liver. If acute pancreatitis occurs in severe form in the blood increases the level of various biologically active substances. This leads to pronounced disturbances of the functioning of the body. Can occur secondary to inflammatory processes, disorders of dystrophic nature of the various organs and tissues, e.g. heart, kidneys, lungs, liver.

These symptoms are complications of acute pancreatitis.

Classification of disease

Acute pancreatitis can be classified according to the severity of its occurrence:

1. Pancreatitis, occurring in a mild form, causing minimal damage tissues and organs. It is expressed mainly interstitial edema of the pancreas. Therapy lends itself fairly easily, the prognosis is very favourable, implying a quick and full recovery.
2. Acute pancreatitis,occurring in severe form, causes significant and highly expressed human tissues and organs. Characteristic local complications, which include necrosis of tissue, infection, abscesses, cysts.

Acute liver failure, severe may be accompanied by:

• Acute accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the gland or in kalopanagiotis space, not having the granulation or fibrous wall.
• Acute false cyst, represents an accumulation of pancreatic juice surrounded by wall of fibrous or granulation tissue, arising as a result of the outbreak. The development of a cyst occurs over four to six weeks.
• Pancreatic abscess, which are accumulations of pus in the tissues of the pancreas and tissues that are in close proximity to it.
• Pancreatic necrosis, resulting in infection of tissues. Occurs diffuse or limited area of the parenchyma, which begins to wither away. If there is a accession of infection and begins to develop chronic pancreatitis significantly increases the risk of death.

Below will tell you about the history of the disease acute pancreatitis read more.

Symptoms

The characteristic symptoms of acute pancreatitis include:

• Pain syndrome. Pain may be epigastric localization, can be observed in the left upper quadrant, worn surrounding the character, perhaps radionovna under the left shoulder blade. Pain in acute pancreatitis is pronounced, is of a permanent nature. If the patient is in the supine position, the pain is greatly enhanced. The pain also increases after taking spicy, oily or fried food, after drinking alcohol.
• A Feeling of nausea, vomiting. This vomiting is most likely to be uncontrollable in nature, contains large amounts of bile, doesn't bring relief.
• Fever.
• A Yellowness of the sclera. Expressed most often in moderation. In rare cases, it may be a manifestation of jaundice on the skin.

In Addition, acute pancreatitis may be accompanied by dyspeptic symptoms. These include flatulence, bloating, heartburn. It is not excluded manifestation on the skin, for example, hemorrhage located in the region of the navel, spots on the body, with bluish color.

As revealed in human acute liver failure?

Diagnosis

Gastroenterologists carry out the diagnosis of pancreatitis based on patient complaints and physical examination. The latter allows you to identify specific symptoms.

What are the tests for pancreatitis?

During the procedure the measurement of pulse and blood pressure detected by the tachycardia and hypotension. To confirm the diagnosis, carry out various laboratory blood and urine tests, ultrasound of organs located in the abdominal cavity, MSCT, MRI of the pancreas.

In the case of acute edematous pancreatitis the study of General blood analysis shows signs of inflammation (accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased level of white blood cells). Biochemical analysis reveals increased activity of enzymes of pancreatic type (lipase and amylase). It is not excluded hypocalcemia, and hyperglycemia. In addition, you should determine the level of concentration of enzyme compounds in the urine of the patient. Possible manifestations bilirubinemia, increased activity of liver enzymes.

Biochemistry urine allows to determine the activity of amylase in the urine.

It is Necessary to conduct visual studies of the pancreas and organs in close proximity. A similar study is performed by means of CT, ultrasound and MRI. It allows to detect pathologic changes of the parenchyma, cysts, abscesses, stones in the ducts, enlargement of prostate.

Treatment

Upon detection of an acute pancreatitis patient hospitalization with the subsequent bed routine. The primary goal of treatment is to eliminate pain syndrome, stimulation of the processes of self-healing, reducing the burden on the pancreas.

Treatment therapeutic methods include:

• Novocaine blockade and antispasmodic, whose main aim is the removal of too pronounced pain syndrome;
• Desactivation pancreatic enzymes (proteolysis inhibitors);
• Conducting dezintoksikatsionnaja therapy;
• The use of antibiotics to prevent infectious complications of type; often used drugs with broad spectrum of action, but in large doses;
• Fasting, applying ice to the area of the prostate with the aim of creating local hyperthermia.

Surgical Treatment type is assigned in the following cases:

• If the bile duct stones;
• Accumulation of fluid around the gland or in it;
• The appearance of cysts, necrosis, abscesses.

Acute pancreatitis can be shown endoscopic drainage, cystogastrostomy, marsupialization cysts. If formed necrosis, depending on its size, your doctor may prescribe necrectomy or surgery for resection of the pancreas. Rocks can becomethe reason for the operations on channels.

Possible complications

Acute pancreatitis is dangerous for its possible consequences and complications. If infection occurs tissue that is inflamed, it is possible the emergence of necrosis and abscesses. If not timely treatment, can be fatal.

If the disease be severe, may develop shock in pancreatitis and multiple organ failure.

The Result of the development of acute pancreatitis may be the process of the formation of pseudocysts, the gap which can result in ascites.

Diet for pancreatitis menu for a week

Acute pancreatitis in the first day or two you need to follow a starvation diet, allowed two cups of broth hips, up to 1 liter alkaline mineral water. In severe cases, food only intravenous drip.

With pancreatitis should eat a diet № 5P, which consists of several variants.

Below are a sample menu for a week with pancreatitis of the pancreas.

• For Breakfast you can eat meat (chicken or beef), steamed. Drink broth hips or weak tea.
• The second Breakfast oatmeal with milk, drink a decoction or infusion of rose hips.
• Lunch - a soup of carrots and potatoes. You can eat the steamed fish. Compote of dried fruits.
• Afternoon snack - fruit puree (Apple or pear).
• Dinner should include a piece of boiled chicken, vegetable stew and weak tea.
• Before going to sleep drink a glass of yogurt.