Principal gases

Nature, there are three basic States of any substance: solid, liquid and gaseous. Almost any liquid can attain each of the remaining two. A solid body upon melting, evaporation or combustion can replenish the contents of the air. But not every gas can be used as a component of solid materials or liquids. Know the different types of gases that differ in properties, origin and characteristics of the application.

Definition and properties

Gas – this substance, which is characterized by the absence or minimum value of intermolecular bonds as well as active mobility of the particles. The main properties that have all kinds of gases

1. Fluidity, deformability, volatility, the pursuit of maximum volume, the reaction of atoms and molecules on the decrease or increase in temperature, which is manifested by changes in the intensity of their movement.
2. There are at a temperature in which an increase in pressure does not lead to a liquid state.
3. Easily compressed, decreasing in volume. This facilitates transport and use.
4. The Majority is liquefied by compression within certain limits of pressure and critical warmth.

Due To the inaccessibility of the research are described using the following main parameters: temperature, pressure, volume, molar mass.

Classification by field

In the natural environment of all kinds of gases are in the air, land and water.

1. Part of the air: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, oxides of nitrogen impurities neon, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. In the earth's crust nitrogen, hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide And other are in a gaseous and liquid state. There are also gas deposits in the solid fraction in the mixture with layers of water at pressures of about 250 ATM. at relatively low temperatures (up to 20C).
3. Reservoirs contain soluble gases – the hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and sparingly soluble – oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide , etc.

Natural resources far exceed the possible number of artificially created.

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Classification by the degree of combustibility

All types of gases, depending on the behavioral characteristics in the processes of ignition and combustion are divided into oxidizers, inert and inflammable.

1. Oxidizers contribute to a fire and support combustion, but they do not burn: air, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
2. Inert do not participate in the combustion, however, tend to displace oxygen and to influence the decrease in the intensity of the process: helium, neon, xenon, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Light up or explode Combustible, combines with oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Most of them characterized by burning only under a certain composition of the gas mixture. Due to this property, natural gas – fuel type, by far the most common. In this capacity, uses methane, propane, butane.

Carbon dioxide and its role

Is one of the most common gases in the atmosphere (0.04 percent). At normal temperature and atmospheric pressure has a density of 1.98 kg/m³. Can be in solid and liquid state. Solid phase occurs at low rates of heat and constant atmospheric pressure, it is called "dry ice". Liquid phase CO₂ are possible at higher pressures. This property is used for storage, transportation and technological applications. Sublimation (the transition to the gaseous state from a solid without an intermediate liquid phase) is possible at -77 – -79С. Solubility in water in the ratio 1:1 is realized at t=14-16S.

The carbon dioxide Types are distinguished depending on the origin:

1. Waste Products of plants and animals, the emissions from volcanoes, gas discharge from the bowels of the earth, evaporation from water surface.
2. The Results of human activities, including emissions from combustion of all fuels.

As a useful substance applied:

1. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
2. Cylinders for arc welding in an appropriate medium CO₂.
3. In the food industry as a preservative and for aerating the water.
4. As the refrigerant for temporary cooling.
5. In the chemical industry.
6. Industry.

Being an indispensable part of life on the planet, humans, machinery and entire plants, carbon dioxide accumulates in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere, delaying the release of heat and creating a “greenhouse effect”.

Liquefied natural gas and its role

Among the substances of natural origin and technological applications there are such that have a high degree of combustibility and calorific value. Storage, transportation and application of the following types of liquefied gas: methane, propane, butane, and propane-butane mixture.

Bhutan (C₄N₁₀₎ and propane are components of petroleum gases. The first is liquefied at -1 – -0,5 S. Transportation and application in frosty weather, pure butane does notdone because it freezes. The temperature of liquefaction of propane (C₃H₈₎ -41 – -42S, critical pressure – 4,27 MPa.

Methane (CH₄₎ – the main component of natural gas. Types of gas source – oil deposits, the products of biogenic processes. Liquefaction occurs with gradual compression and reduce heat to -160 – -161С. At each stage shrinks by 5-10 times.

The Liquefaction is carried out in special plants. Produced propane, butane and a mixture thereof for household and industrial use individually. Methane is used in industry and as fuel for transport. The latter also can be produced in compressed form.

Compressed gas and its role

In recent years, the popularity of compressed natural gas. If propane and butane is used exclusively liquefaction, the methane can be produced both in liquid and in compressed condition. Gas in cylinders under high pressure of 20 MPa has a number of advantages over the well-known liquefied.

1. High rate of evaporation, including at negative ambient temperatures, and the lack of negative effects of accumulation.
2. Lower level of toxicity.
3. Complete combustion, high efficiency, no adverse effect on equipment and the atmosphere.

Increasingly finds application not only for freight but also for passenger cars, as well as for boiler equipment.

Gas – unobtrusive, but indispensable substance for human life. The high calorific value of some of them justifies the wide use of different components of natural gas as fuel for industry and transport.