Processing of oil: the basic methods

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2020-06-23 09:00:20

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Oil and natural gas, these unique minerals are the main sources of hydrocarbons. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with other compounds. Oil processing yields products, which are then used in all sectors of industry, energy, agriculture and everyday life.oil refining

Crude oil is separated into its component parts by simple, fractional and vacuum distillation. The composition of the obtained fractions depends on the composition of the original crude oil.

Processing of oil goes through several stages: fractional distillation, reforming, cracking and purification from sulfur.

Fractional distillation is the first stage of processing, which divides it into two fractions: gas, light, medium and heavy fuel oil. Thus, the primary processing of oil allows you to immediately identify the most valuable fraction.

  • Gas fraction is a simple unbranched hydrocarbons: butane, propane and ethane.
  • Gasoline or light fraction – a mixture of light hydrocarbons, including branched and unbranched alkanes.
  • Oil remains after the distillation of all the other, lighter fractions.crude oil

Further refining is carried out by cracking. When this occurs, the splitting of high-molecular compounds of crude oil into smaller ones, characteristic of the low-boiling fractions. This important method of processing allows to obtain additional quantity of low-boiling fractions of oil, the need for which, especially gasoline, are very large.

  • Used In industry several types of cracking: catalytic, thermal, and reforming. In the case of thermal cracking of high molecular weight compounds from heavy oil fractions are broken down to low molecular weight under high temperatures. Refining by cracking both thermal and catalytic, gives a mixture of unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons. For example octadecane the process of cracking can be described by the formula:

C18N38 -> C9N20 + C9H18

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At temperatures up to 1000°C thermal decomposition of high molecular weight petroleum products, resulting in mostly light alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons.

  • Catalytic cracking takes place at relatively low temperatures, the catalyst is a mixture of alumina and silica. In this case also is obtained a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Refining this method is used to obtain high-quality gasoline.
  • Reforming changes the structure of molecules and combines them into larger ones. In the process low-quality low molecular weight oil fraction transformed, particularly in high-grade gasoline fractions.pererabotka of oil and gas

Natural and associated gases is a mixture of methane (up to 90 % by volume) and its closest homologs, as well as a small amount of impurities.

The Main objective of gas processing is the transformation of the contained saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated, which can later be used in chemical synthesis.

Thus, the processing of oil and gas allows to obtain a very large range of petroleum products, of which as a result of chemical synthesis yields a huge diversity of substances used in various sectors of the economy.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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