Coal Of Ukraine. Coal mining in Ukraine. A ton of coal: price

Coal is one of the main energy resources of Ukraine, which can be considered the engine of its economy. Current state of the coal industry is very critical and requires supportive measures. In this article the author describes the structure of the industry, learn about export and import of Ukrainian coal, its reserves, as well as the analysis of the main problems existing in the country of mines.

Coal as a guarantee of economic independence

Ukrainian Coal is the only energy carrier, which secured the country in sufficient quantities. The coal industry occupies a large share in the structure of fuel and energy complex and greatly influences the state of the economy as a whole. Increasing the profitability of this industry promotes the growth of economic potential of Ukraine. And during periods of crisis in the energy market has affected the entire coal industry and related industries.

The Profitability of the coal industry

Mined in the Donetsk basin coal with a high cost. This is due to the great depth of the layers and the small capacity of getting. High costs substantially reduce the profitability of the coal industry. To the industry became more profitable, economists recommend to look for opportunities to expand and achieve cost reduction on the extraction of useful deposits. The coal industry is considered profitable if the revenue from the sale of coal to exceed a cost of not less than 16%. Almost all the mines of Donbass do not meet this requirement and according to some experts must be closed.

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Coal mines in Ukraine

On the territory of Ukraine there are about 150 mines, 90% of them are in the region of Donbass. On its territory there are about 100 existing mines, energy and mining high quality coking coal 14 mines have the status of independent state enterprises, and 28 coal companies are private property.

The Lviv-Volyn basin is about 10 thousand km². Coal reserves in this area is small, so from 15 operating mines will leave only 2. The largest deposits of brown coal are situated in Ternopil and Transcarpathian regions, as well as on the territory of the Dnieper brown coal basin. In Dnipropetrovsk region there are two coal companies DTEK and Pavlogradugol, who is 10 mines. More than 40 coal mines located on the territory of Luhansk oblast. In recent years, due to the difficult economic situation, some mines of Ukraine sold and given to long-term lease to private individuals.

Coal Stocks in Ukraine

According to the documented data, Ukraine has 33,873 billion tons of coal reserves, which amount to 3.9% of world reserves. Of them 15,351 billion tons are anthracite and bituminous coal, and the rest – lignite or brown coal. For estimates and analyses of experts, Ukraine has enough reserves for 460 years.

Most of the inventory is in the territory of the Donetsk, Dnieper and Lvov-Volyn basins at a considerable depth. Reserves of operating mines total 6.1 billion tons, of which more than half falls on the anthracite, and the rest – for coking coal.

Types of coal

On the territory of Ukraine produce three types of coal: lignite, bituminous and anthracite. Brown lies at a depth of 1 km and is a natural formation of dead organic matter, which arose under the impact load and high temperature. It is characterized by a relatively low combustion temperature due to the large moisture content (about 40%). Half of his team form the volatile matter.

Coal is considered the first of the fossil fuels. Its use caused the industrial revolution, under the influence which originated the coal industry. Coal contains much less moisture (about 10%), resulting in a large caloric and high combustion temperature. Volatile substances constitute 32% of its composition, and therefore coal is well ignited. The strata of this fossil are deposited at depths of about 3 km of coal in Ukraine is produced in the mines of Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

The Anthracite is the best grade of coal. It consists almost entirely of carbon. Anthracite is characterized by high calorific value and high electrical conductivity. But because of its composition it is poorly ignited. This type of coal lies at a depth of 6 km, mainly deposits of anthracite are found in the mountain ridges or in other areas that have been strong movements of the earth's crust.

The Cost of coal in Ukraine

Basically, the price of coal is formed taking into account such factors as:

• Natural-climatic conditions in the region, the position of the field, the technical characteristics of local coal, depth and thickness of the seam, other geological conditions;
• Production – the material base of mining enterprises, the possession of special equipment and appliances.

Thus, experts expect the total cost and to analyse the qualitymineral resources, to determine how much a ton of coal. The price of each type of breed is very different. The most expensive type is anthracite. The cost, on average, from 2000 to 2500 UAH./so the cheapest on the market natural fuel is considered to be brown coal (about 1000 UAH./t).

Note that the value of mineral resources also depends on their grade and class. Thus, it's hard to say how much a ton of coal. The price of the breed in our days is free and is installed directly by the mining companies.

Export and import of Ukrainian coal

Ukrainian industry uses coal for electricity production and as raw materials in metallurgy. As for thermal coal-anthracite, his country has in excess. So, this kind of breed is about 70% of the total coal production in Ukraine (often exported to other countries). There is a great shortage of coking coal.

Thus, Ukrainian coal meets the internal needs of the country by 60%. A third of coking coal, the state imports from Russia, USA, Kazakhstan and other countries. Almost the entire volume of extracted anthracite consume energy company of Ukraine. Excess amount of fossil rocks of exports in Bulgaria, Poland, Turkey and Iran. To enter the European market with large volumes is difficult due to the presence of large reserves of high quality coal in Poland and Germany. Also, the drop in exports is significantly affected by the increase in supply of U.S. mineral resources. Thus, in recent years, the demand for Ukrainian coal dropped by 20%.

Problems of the coal industry

Ukraine's Coal industry for a long time in a state of crisis. According to authorities, more than 70% of assets of this industry in need of updating and repair. Over 30 years of continuous usage they are essentially worn out and require replacement. Despite the rapid scientific and technological development, a large number of mines are still using mostly manual labor.

The Poor condition of fixed capital is reflected in the quality of the coal. If you use worn-out equipment of species produced more ZOLOTOGO. Poor and outdated technical base significantly affects the productivity of labor, increasing the cost of mined rock.

Coal Production in Ukraine requires additional funding. The main sources of investment in the coal industry of the country are the state budget and own funds of the domestic mining enterprises. For the development of this sector of the economy requires considerable capital. And in order to attract investment from the outside, you need to create attractive conditions for doing business.

In addition, Ukraine's coal industry ranks first in deaths and injuries in the workplace. Despite all the actions of the government, the coal industry remains the most dangerous form of the national economy to the health of workers. According to statistics, in the extraction of one million coal life lose an average of two miners.

An Important problem of the Ukrainian coal industry is the large number of coal mine methane emissions. The state is in the top five countries by volume of these emissions (which account for 80% of the operating mines). Experts are actively developing projects at his disposal, but so far they have managed to create the conditions for the processing of only 1/10 part of all emissions.

Very negatively on the development of the coal sector is affected by the unregulated extraction of rocks. Part of this production is 10% of the total production of thermal coal.

Ways to improve coal industry

To solve the problems described above it is necessary to conduct a complex of measures aimed at modernization, reconstruction and optimization of coal mining. Such programs have already been implemented in some mines and led to an increase in profitability.

Also, the state must intensify its energy policy and make some adjustments. To achieve these goals, the experts have created the strategy development of important sectors of the economy and working on large-scale projects of energy efficiency.

So that the Ukrainian coal was competitive in the external market and provided fully meet domestic demand, the government should work in two key areas: the modernization of industry and policy reforms to meet modern conditions of development of economy.

Outlook

Although Ukraine is experiencing an acute political and economic crisis, and some mines were forced to suspend the operation of the coal industry of the country has significant prospects. Considering how much coal remained in Ukraine, its production may become in the future the most important strategic industry of the country.

Taking into account tendencies of development of coal industry of other countries and the capital intensity of production of domestic breeds, in modern times, Ukraine is more profitable to buy coal abroad. If the country in the near future will solve the major problems of this sector, the industry will begin to develop andcan bring the economy to a new level.