Plant breeding

The Selection of plants is called the science of the creation of new and improvement of existing cultivars. The basis of selection are the main methods – selection and hybridization. The theoretical basis of selection-genetic science.

Features of plant breeding due to the successful solution of problems that it faces. Very important study of the varietal, generic and species diversity of cultures, the influence of the environment on the development of the main features, patterns of inheritance of these characteristics for hybridization and characteristics of the process of strategy selection and artificial selection.

Each variety of plants adapted to certain conditions and therefore in different areas there are different specialized stations and breeding farms for validation and comparison of new varieties of plants.

To plant breeding was successful, the breeder must have the varietal diversity of the source material. Scientist N.And. Vavilov in his time gathered a huge collection of varieties of plants and their ancestors from across the planet Earth, which is now successfully updated and is the Foundation for breeding of any culture.

N. Vavilov identifies seven centres of origin of crops: tropical South Asian, East Asian, Mediterranean, South-Western Asian, Ethiopian, South American, Central American. The richest region in the number of cultures – the ancient centers of civilization. In such places the earliest farming, respectively, and the plant breeding and artificial selection carried out over a long time. Let us consider in more detail what is the concept.

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There are certain methods of plant breeding: selection and hybridization. Selection can be individual and mass.

Called Mass selection a form of artificial selection, which is used in breeding so called “cross-pollinated” of plants (rye, corn, sunflower). In this case variety is a population that consists of heterozygous individuals, where each seed carries a unique genotype. Thanks to the massive selection are maintained and improved varietal characteristics, but the results of such selection are very unstable due to the uncertain cross-pollination.

Individual selection used in breeding plants that self-pollinated (barley, wheat). The offspring retains all characteristics of the parent form, and is called the clean lines (the so-called offspring of one Samoylenko homozygous individuals). Because mutational processes occur constantly, in fact, homozygous individuals are extremely rare. Control of artificial and natural selection, they fall only after the transition in a homozygous state.

The plant Breeding method of natural selection plays a very important role. Any plant throughout its life is influenced by certain external factors, so it should be resistant to diseases and pests, adapted to water and temperature.

Inbreeding-inbreeding. This phenomenon occurs in cross-pollinated plants self-pollination. For this method of selection are selected such plants are hybrids which are able to give maximum heterosis effect. Such plants for many years subject to forced self-pollination.

There is also a method such as distant hybridization. The so-called crossing plants that belong to different types. As a rule, distant hybrids are sterile, therefore, gametes are not formed.

Breeding also has such methods as the use of somatic mutations, experimental mutagenesis and breeding techniques, proposed by I. V. Michurin. About these and other methods, you can learn more by reading the work of these scientists.