Metrology - what is it? Basic concepts of Metrology

Without measuring means and methods of their use scientific and technological progress would be impossible. In the modern world people cannot live without it even at home. Therefore, such a vast reservoir of knowledge could be systematized and formed as a full-fledged scientific field. Just to define this is the concept of “Metrology”. What is the measuring equipment from the point of view of scientific knowledge? You can tell this is a subject of research, but the activities of specialists in this field necessarily has a practical character.

The Concept of Metrology

The General view is that Metrology is often considered as a body of scientific knowledge about tools, techniques and methods of measurement, which also includes the concept of unity. For the regulation of the practical application of this knowledge there is a Federal Agency of Metrology, which technically manages the property in the field of Metrology.

As can be seen, Central to the concept of Metrology is the measurement. In this context, the measurement means obtaining information about the subject of the study – in particular information about the properties and characteristics. An obligatory condition is an experienced way to obtain these knowledge with application to metrological instrumentation. Also note that the Metrology, standardization and certification are closely interrelated and only in combination can almost give valuable information. So, if the Metrology is responsible for the development of measurement methods, standardization establishes uniform forms and rules for the application of these same methods and to record characteristics of objects in accordance with the specified standards. With regard to certification, it aims to determine the compliance of the investigated object with different parameters laid down standards.

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Aims and objectives of Metrology

Before the Metrology worth several important challenges in three areas-theoretical, legal and practical. With the development of scientific knowledge objectives from different areas are mutually complemented and corrected, but in General the problem of Metrology can be represented as follows:

• The Formation of systems of measurement and characteristics of measurement.
• The Development of General theoretical knowledge on measurements.
• Standardization of methods of measurement.
• Adoption of standards, measurement methods, calibration of measures and technical means.
• Study of the system of measures in the context of historical perspective.

Uniformity

A Basic level of standardization is the uniformity of measurements. This means that the results produced by the measurements recorded in the approved format. That is, the characteristic measurement is expressed in adopted. And this applies not only to specific the measurements, but the errors can be expressed as a given probability. Metrological unity exists to allow comparison of results carried out in different conditions. And in each case the methods and tools should remain the same.

If you review the basic concepts of Metrology, in terms of quality of outcome, the main one of them is accuracy. In a sense it is interrelated with an error that distorts the readings. Just in order to enhance the accuracy and applicable serial measurements in various conditions through which you can make a better understanding about the subject matter. A significant role in improving measurement quality playing and preventive actions directed on check of technical means, testing of new techniques, analysis, standards, etc.

Principles and methods of Metrology

To achieve a high quality of measurements Metrology is based on several main principles, including the following:

• The Principle of Peltier focused on the definition of the absorbed energy in the process of the flow of ionizing radiation.
• The Principle of the Josephson on the basis of which measurements of the voltage in a circuit.
• Doppler Principle which provides a measurement of velocity.
• The Principle of gravity.

For these and other principles were formulated with a broad base of methods, which includes a number of case studies. It is important to note that Metrology-the science of measurements that are supported by applied tools. But technical means, on the other hand, are based on specific theoretical principles and methods. Among the most common methods it is possible to highlight the methodology of direct assessment, the measurement of weight on the scales, substitution, comparison, etc.

Measuring Tools

One of the most important concepts of Metrology-the measuring tool. As a rule, is a technical device that plays or keeps a certain physical quantity. In the process of applying it investigates the object, comparing the detected parameter with a reference. Measuring tools – an extensive group of tools, with manyclassifications. In design and principle of operation, for example, isolated converters, appliances, sensors, devices and mechanisms.

Measurement setup – a relatively modern kind of devices used by the Metrology. What is this setting in practice use? Unlike simple tools, installation is a machine which provides a range of functional components. Each of them can have one or more measures. As example, laser protractors. They are used by builders to determine a wide spectrum of geometrical parameters, and calculation formulas.

What is the error?

The Error also occupies a considerable place in the measurement process. In theory, it is considered as one of the basic concepts of Metrology, in this case reflecting the deviation of the values obtained from the true. This deviation may be random or systematic. Development of measurement instruments manufacturers usually lay a certain amount of error in the features list. Thanks to fixing the limits of the possible deviations in the results it is possible to speak about reliability of measurements.

But not only the error of identifying possible deviations. Uncertainty – another characteristic, which is guided in this respect Metrology. What is uncertainty of measurement? Unlike error, it practically does not use precise or relatively precise values. It only indicates doubt about a particular result, but again does not specify the intervals of deviations, which could be caused by such an attitude to the received value.

Varieties of Metrology in applications

Metrology in one form or another involved in almost all spheres of human activity. In the construction using the same measuring devices for fixation of the deviations of the structures on the planes, in medicine, there are diagnostic tools on the basis of precise equipment, machinery also, the experts use device, allowing to determine the features with the smallest details. Larger scale specialized projects lead Agency on technical regulation and Metrology, which, together with this Bank contains the standards, establishes regulations, conducts cataloging, etc., the body in varying degrees covers all areas of Metrology research, spreading forth the approved standards.

Conclusion

In Metrology, there are installed first and unchanging standards, principles and methods of measurements. But there are also a number of areas that can not remain unchanged. Accuracy is one of the key characteristics that provides Metrology. What is the accuracy in the context of a measurement procedure? This value, which largely depends on the technical means of measurement. And just in this area of Metrology is developing rapidly, leaving behind the outdated, ineffective tools. But this is only one of the most striking examples, which regularly is updated in this field.