For a Long time the name of that person was banned, and he himself, like many of his contemporaries, was officially considered an enemy of the people. But already for a long time this man is rehabilitated and his work has earned the respect from grateful descendants. Today was a great politician Alikhan Bukeikhanov, the anniversary of which is celebrated in 2016 – one of the national heroes of the Republic of Kazakhstan. After all, on the altar of independence, this Central Asian country, he put all of his life.
An Active public figure, prominent politician, brilliant writer, a talented researcher and a patriot with a capital letter... And another anthropologist, agronomist, economist, lawyer, literary critic – and this is not a complete list of all of his roles. Not a lot of history of Kazakhstan knows the personalities of this scale!
Today, his biography and livelihoods are studied in Kazakh schools. In this country it is considered a national hero. For this reason, in Kazakhstan the history books of his personality devoted a lot of pages. So, we go in more detail to the biography of this great man.
Childhood and youth the future leader of the nation took place in a remote village No. 7 Torunski parish karkarala district of the Semipalatinsk region (now Aktogai district, Karaganda region). There was born the fifth of March, 1866 Bukeikhanov Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich, becoming the firstborn from mom and dad.
His Family belonged to the descendants of Kazakh sultans to the Torah, and the title of the Chingizid father of Alikhan wore with pride. However, abundance Bukeikhanova gorgeous pedigree is not particularly affected. The family struggled to find money for the Essentials.
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Wanting to secure his son a reliable piece of bread, Alikhan's parents gave him after madrassas in Karkaralinsk vocational school. But capable and willful boy considered the quality of teaching is unsatisfactory and illegally crossed the Russian-Kazakh school. At that time young Bukeihanov was only nine years old.
Release occurred in the nineties of the nineteenth century, when during the construction of the Siberian railway and was in demand of lower technical staff. They were prepared Omsk technical school, a student who became the heir of Genghis Khan.
But to work as a railroad man he was not destined. A talented young man goes on and gets the Department of Economics at the St. Petersburg Imperial Forest Institute. In parallel, he studied law at the University (also St. Petersburg). Having passed final examinations, Alikhan Bukeikhanov beginning of her adult life brilliantly educated young men – well-versed professional, versed in the current realities with knowledge of nine foreign languages. Already then it was clear that this young man has a great and bright future.
In my entire life Alikhan Bukeikhanov managed to participate in four scientific expeditions, to write fifty serious scientific works and more than a thousands of notes and various articles.
Multi-Faceted unexplored world beckons him, and, first teaching mathematics at school, and then carrying bureaucratic service in the Omsk technical school, he continues to discover something new and to educate ourselves. And above all Bukeikhanov was always interested in history of Kazakhstan.
The first of four expeditions for it was Tobolsk, during which studied the issue of resettlement of Russian in the Kazakh land. It was immediately after the end of the forest Institute – in 1894, the year. And eight years later began the study of the Steppe region – and again the focus was immigrants. By order of the government, who organized the event, the scientists had to identify vacant land suitable for new relocations.
But the young patriot used the knowledge in their own way. All that he saw and heard during the expedition, later became the basis for his scientific and journalistic works in which the author showed and proved the disadvantaged position of Kazakhs in their native land in the result of a deliberate resettlement policy of tsarism. This state of Affairs could not remain indifferent Bukeikhanov. He “rooting” and with him fought until the end of life.
In Addition to studies on socio-historical focus, engaged in the future Prime Minister of Kazakhstan economy, local history, agriculture, animal husbandry, etc.
Of great interest, for example, his work on sheep in the Steppe region, with invaluable recommendations for the breeding of these animals, where and which breeds are better accustomed, what to feed, how to care, etc.
The Information that Alikhan Bukeikhanov received, traveling to his native Kazakh land became basic when working on the eighteenth volume of the collection «Russia. Complete geographical description of our region”. It is easy to guess that the volume was dedicated in Kazakhstan, and Bukeikhanov was one of the authors. In his section, he talked about culture, life, mentality and ethnographic structure of the Kazakh people, as an illustration, actively using both folklore and author's works, in particular poetry. Alikhan Bukeikhanovvery interested in the poetry of his contemporaries – Abay, the poem which “Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan Sulu” he analyzed in his scientific work.
In the eyes of the researcher, Abay was one of the best representatives of the new Kazakh intelligentsia who advocated the independence of Kazakhstan. And Bukeikhanov is trying to emphasize its spiritual kinship with the great Kazakh poet.
It Should be noted that it is in the future “promoted” Abay and his work to a wide circle of readers, becoming the first biographer and preparing for publication a book of the poet's works. But to publish a collection of essays prevented the arrest Bukeikhanov, which occurred in 1905.
According to the information offered to us by the official biography, Alikhan Bukeikhanov from an early age manifests itself as an active public figure. Especially noticeable it becomes to 1893, when a descendant of Genghis Khan, member of various clubs (from literary to economic) involved in the riots organized by students. It was then that Bukeikhanov for the first time draws the attention of the police, and he gets to the list of people considered to be “politically unreliable".
The Young patriot joins the national liberation movement of the Steppe and eventually becomes its leader. This is largely favoured by the brilliant oratorical abilities Bukeikhanov. Some of his contemporaries who had the happiness to attend his performances, comparing them with the performances of Vladimir Lenin and said they practically in no way inferior in terms of expressiveness and persuasiveness.
Naturally, such a person is a straight road was in politics. And this way he was confident. In 1905, Alikhan Bukeikhanov became a member of the constitutional democratic party (cadets) and dreams of creation of local (Kazakh) her office. On this occasion holds a meeting in the cities of Uralsk and Semipalatinsk. In the same year he was elected a Deputy to the First state Duma of the Russian Empire.
But to represent the interests of the Kazakhs at the highest state level Bukeikhanov did not, because the Duma was disbanded almost immediately after the election. Time began rebellious, unstable – Russia was shaking real hard. Deputies tried to defend their rights, issued the Vyborg Manifesto with the requirement to cancel the dissolution of the tsarist Duma, but their efforts were unsuccessful. Under the message was the name of Alikhan Bukeikhanov.
As mentioned above, in 1905, an aspiring politician, which was closely watched by the gendarmes, was arrested for the first time. He was accused of incitement to civil disobedience. The second arrest happened in 1908, and this time he escaped with slight shock failed. Political views Alikhan Bukeikhanov, competing against the aggressive colonial policy of tsarist Russia, the authorities considered it incompatible with freedom and exiled activist to link to Samara, where he lived until 1917, in which the country has seen great changes. This year Russia has become different. 1917 gave Bukeikhanova hope that his people will finally be able to become independent.
Bukeikhanov Biographers consider him a good example for the modern politicians. His crystal clear honesty and integrity, he argued repeatedly, until the very last breath while maintaining devotion to his native land and its people. This man was one of those who go into politics not for personal benefits, but for the sake of public well-being.
The Publicistic and journalistic activity – this is a special, important part in the legacy of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. Knowing that the word – the best weapon he tried to use it maximally and effectively.
In the period from 1905 to 1907 Bukeikhanov worked as a editor in the party newspaper cadets “Voice”, “Omsk” and “Irtysh”. Writes research papers “the New encyclopedic dictionary". And since 1910 works closely with the first Kazakh magazine “Aikap”, which covers the political life of the region, raises the problem of education, medicine, science, literature, agricultural areas, and much more. All that was on the lips of the advanced Kazakh intellectuals of that time.
The Real beacon in awakening the national consciousness was the newspaper "Kazakh", which Bukeikhanov released together with other active community leaders and journalists – Baitursynov and Dulatov. The contribution of this trio to the development of Patriotic and democratic processes in Kazakhstan is hard to overestimate.
By the Way, most of their materials Alikhan Bukeikhanov was published in “Kazakh" under the pseudonym “Son of the steppes" ("KYR balasy”).
There is information that some period Bukeikhanov worked with the masons. His name was found in the memoirs of Kerensky, who headed the Masonic Lodge "little dipper" in St. Petersburg.
The reliability of the information indicated by the fact that the creation of the Samara group of masons occurred right after meeting with Kerensky Bukeikhanov. Furthermore, it is known that among the participants of this movement had the most cadets, which belonged to the hero of this article.
The masons descendant of Genghis Khansaw first of all the allies. His friendship with them was explained by the hope for help in providing the Kazakh autonomy. In the seventeenth year he was even appointed head of the Interim government of Kazakhstan, but soon after the way of the masons and of Alikhan Bukeikhanov separated, since the latter realized that the support in their aspirations from the organization he will not wait. How won't it and from cadets. With them in the seventeenth year he said good-bye, too.
The Disappointment that befell Bukeikhanov, did not break his spirit. Political activist after the revolution of the seventeenth year do not fold hands, but on the contrary – is spreading its wings. Together with his colleagues, which appeared during the creation of the newspaper “Kazakh" he arranges a new, completely independent political force "Alash Orda" (Alash – is the General name for all the peoples who eventually became known as Kazakhs).
This event had great historical importance and largely determined the fate of today's modern Kazakhstan. Party “Alash” joined the true patriots of the Republic of the early twentieth century, and the basis of its ideology was the pursuit of independence within a democratic Russia. In a powerful new organization includes almost all the colors of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the time.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov headed the party since its Foundation. During the functioning of the political power it had held several congresses, one of which in 1918 happened unprecedented event-the first declared an independent state of Kazakhs. And the founder of the party «Alash” have received the highest position – the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan.
Meanwhile, more Civil war in Russia. The country was gripped by chaos. At first, Alash ordintsy fought against Bolsheviks on the side of the whites. But when they beat the Soviets, they had to negotiate with ideological opponents on peace and cooperation. The main condition for “friendship”, of course, was to preserve the independence of the newborn state. It was approved by the Reds, but only on paper. In fact, since the conclusion of the contract of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan ceased to exist.
Thus, very long Alikhan Bukeikhanov was the head of the party «Alash”, which became his last achievement in the political arena. With the advent of Soviet power, the proud Kazakh found it necessary to abandon the government's activities in all its manifestations.
Despite the departure of Bukeikhanov from politics, the young Soviet government saw in it a dangerous enemy. He was in the new young Soviet system did not share the idea of communism. Played with him like a cat with a mouse, then arresting, then releasing into the wild.
It was Very important to exclude the influence of the founder of the party «Alash Orda” countrymen, so his twenty-second year forcibly transferred to Moscow, where he is engaged in science, literature, Ethnography; teaches at the University. For a period of Alikhan Bukeikhanov allow “to leave” only in the Leningrad – there he was also waiting for a teaching job. But most fifteen-year-old “links” was held in the capital of the Soviet Union.
“Captive” Kazakh quietly and modestly building on the scientific work, collecting folklore, history, (while secretly keeping in touch with compatriots and guiding in the right direction of the underground national liberation movement). From his behavior seemed harmless.
But in the thirty-seventh year, “decimated” like that… Naturally, the former national leader is not gone from the violence of Stalin. At the seventy-second year of life of Alikhan Bukeikhanov was arrested, accused of terrorism and of the twenty-seventh of September, 1937 was sentenced to death. At the advanced age of the Kazakh patriot no one to pay attention is not. The sentence was executed the same day.
About the personal life of a major political figure of Kazakhstan early twentieth century, known not so much. But even the information that is, enough to understand – it does not was cloudless.
In 1901 Bukeikhanov married Elena Sevastianova, who was the daughter of journalist James Sevastyanov, which Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich worked in publishing "the Steppe region”. In 1902 the couple was born the daughter of Canipa (officially – Elizabeth). And eight years later, in 1910, the family has a heir-son oktay (official – Sergei).
In the eighteenth year Elena Bukeikhanov suddenly dies and leaves her husband with two children. But Alikhan was a good teacher and was raised by decent people. Both went in his father's footsteps and become scientific leaders. Grandson (son of Elizabeth) died on the battlefield during the great Patriotic war. Second time to marry a Kazakh patriot did not. Until the end of his days remained faithful, suddenly departed his beloved wife.
It is Noteworthy that none of the relatives of Alikhan Bukeikhanov was not “blacked out”. The heirs of the Kazakh sultans proudly wore his name, despite the danger, which it was fraught. And when, after rehabilitation, one of the nephews Bukeikhanov received in the archive of the “death sentences” in his facetears flowed, and his soul swelled with pride as his great relative.
But not only relatives and friends cherish the memory of the great Kazakh named Alikhan Bukeikhanov. 150 years since his birth this year is celebrated under the auspices of UNESCO! Such recognition bother only a few…
A number of activities planned and already carried out at the state level in Kazakhstan, whose independence so proudly and fearlessly defended Alikhan Bukeikhanov. Book exhibition dedicated to the life of the legend, the presentation of the documentary edition of the collected works, various conferences, seminars and much, much more prepared the grateful descendants in memory of the man who gave all of myself to the service of his people.
Article in other languages:
AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/10671-alikhan-bukeikhanov.html
HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/10684-alikhan-bukeikhanov.html
JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/10685-alikhan-bukeikhanov.html
KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/19159-lihan-b-keyhanov-m-rbayany-sayasi-k-z-arasy-zhady.html
PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/19119-alihan-bukeyhanov-biografia-pogl-dy-polityczne-pami.html
ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/11477-alikhan-bukeikhanov.html
Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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