Chain mail - what is it?

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2019-05-02 10:00:46

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Mail – One of the oldest metal armor. It was considered a universal remedy of protection of a warrior in battle. mail this

Lexical meaning of the word "mail"

I Should say that a common approach to the question of the origin of the term.

If The etymology of the word "mail" researchers apply mainly to the Polish and Russian sources. At first I found the concept of kolczuga. Accordingly, Russian The word "mail" is a borrowing from Polish. According to another version, the term comes from the word "ring". The meaning of the word "mail" in this case – "consisting of the rings."

General information

In all the districts where there was a well developed art of the blacksmith and iron was enough were made Chain mail. Armor was used by the Roman legions, the barbarians, the European knights. Actively apply them in the North Caucasus, in North Africa.

Currently, the meat industry uses chainmail gauntlets. Scuba divers often wear titanium Chain mail. This element gear provides protection from the sharks. During the First world tankers wore masks with visor from metal rings.

Features

Mail – a kind of metal net woven of rings. It provided protection to the warriors from the blows of machetes.

In ancient times used various kinds of Chain mail. This was a chain mail shirt that covered only the torso, and full hauberk that covered the warrior from head to toe. In any case, their advantage was relatively light weight and ease of fabrication.

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To create a chain mail required iron (a few kilograms), a device for drawing wire. Of course, the person who made the armor had to be patient. On the creation of one such shirt required a lot of time. You just need to make the ring, then fasten them. Iron armor could last for years. Any damage could be patched with new rings pretty quickly.

History

It is believed that Hauberk "chain mail" appeared about 1 thousand years BC in Assyria. From there it has spread almost all over the Eurasian territory. The earliest finds Dating from the 4th century BC.

Meanwhile, many researchers believe that Mail, photos which is presented in the article, was made independently in Asia and Europe.

In the Scythian cemeteries of the first finds of ammunition date back to the 5th century BC the Celtic and Etruscan instances created around the 3rd century BC In the Roman Empire first learned about the possibility of sAmity mail During the conquest of the Gauls. Legionaries fairly quickly adopted the technology of making armor. Before the advent of firearms Armor became ubiquitous. iron chainmail

With 10 V. prevalence of ammunition has reached the limit. In this period appeared the hauberk. In the 13th century, Europeans sometimes reinforced armor chest and shoulder plates. In addition, began to use other solid metal protection elements (leggings, gloves, gaiters, etc.). As a rule, they were supplemented by chainmail or leather inserts.

In the 14th century, a solid armor of steel began to replace mail. However, completely unable to replace it due to its expensiveness. In the development of the ammunition chain-mail inserts often used together with armor. The first covered the gaps and joints in the armor. In RussiaLovo "mail" was used in common parlance until the late 17th century, in the East, Central Asia and the Caucasus - until the early 19th century.

Japanese production

In the 14th century In the land of the rising sun was created totally unique form of chain mail. He had a special weave of rings and the device.

The Japanese have used metal washers, which are further weaved tapered wire, wrapping it twice. Made in this way the rings were sewn on the fabric. As a rule, used two types of elements. Larger is parallel to the basis. They bonded over small, often oval ring. They were placed perpendicular to the surface. Large rings are connected with each other by six smaller ones. All the elements are covered with paint that prevented rust.

The Japanese classic variant was unknown. In neighboring China, which was established trade, technology for the production of ammunition was kept in strict secret. For the first time about the chain mail Japanese learned from European explorers.

Varieties

In the middle Ages was used 3 main types of Chain mail (pictured Visible differences between them):

  1. Short. The sleeves of this shirt did not reach to the elbows. This type of ammunition used by those who were not able to purchase the classic version. However, in some cases, a short chain mail shirt acted as additional protection.
  2. Dress with short sleeves. Hem to cover the legs completely or only to the knees. At the bottom of the shirt cut so that the soldier could sit on a horse. This chain mail was more common in the East. Usually wore it with leggings and Bracers.
  3. Dress with long sleeves. Usually with it was chain-mail stockings. In Auberge additionally attended a hood formed with a shirt one. However, for some models it wasseparately.

Interesting fact

In Europe, chain mail was supplemented by gloves. They were quite unpopular in the East, as it was difficult to shoot a bow. In Russia the existence of the gloves was determined by the ability to use a bow. For example, if you look at the Armor heroes in the picture Vasnetsov, you will notice that Alesha Popovich has a bow, but no gauntlets, and Ilya Muromets same gloves there, but no bow.

In Eastern Europe completely preserved specimens discovered near Chernigov in the Black grave. They date back to the 970-ies. armor hero

Disadvantages

Despite the fact that chainmail ammo was very common, it provides rather weak protection warrior. For making used soft iron, hard as steel when struck broke.

Armor is easy to pierce with a sword or a spear, to cut with a sword. Upon impact with heavy weapons, even in the case of integrity protection, a warrior was fatally wounded.

Mail was not designed to protect from direct stabbing or slashing weapons. It protected from sliding or cutting strokes. For depreciation under it wore padded armour-jacket, aketon, tigilau. In Europe knights used steranko. It was a jacket Packed with bristles, hemp, and consisting of 8-10 layers of canvas.

Not very well protected from the chain of arrows: regular easily penetrated into the hole, and the special – with a faceted tip – pierced armor.

Additional items

At a distance of 50 m warrior in chain mail was not protected. To enhance security, in addition to it nosili:

  • Chishuu.
  • Lamellar.
  • Baidao.
  • Kwak.
  • Brigantine.
  • Sertaline armor.

Padded armour

The Europeans are used to manufacture quilted linen, and in the East it was made of felt. Padded armour was well pull punches. Without armor it used the Marines. Another name of this element – gambeson. Sometimes he sewed the pieces of chain mail, usually in the underarm – on the unprotected area. the meaning of mail

Chainmail is never worn without the padded armour, especially on bare skin. During the movement of the ring strongly rubbed the skin, and the cob would be especially imprinted in the body. In addition, usually they were burrs and rust. The warrior could quickly get blood poisoning.

At the end of the 14th century began to be produced full-length battens. Under them, the knights wore pedospheric and armor. They protect the cracks. However, all the ammunition weighed a lot. The Latin mass has reached 20-30 kg, mail – about ten. In the 15th century the composition of the armor has changed. From full chain mail started to refuse. Instead, sewed her pieces on padded armour.

Important

Today, in some stores you can find chain mail underwear. It should say that it is made of lightweight and soft material, subjected to special treatment. However, it is not intended for constant wear.

Characteristics of some models

Often, the warriors used the baydaev. It was a chain made of flat and wide rings. Baydaev better protected from swords, but worse – from stab.

Usman and bakhterets - chain mail with metal plates on the back and chest. In the last insertion is shallow and narrow, they are arranged in vertical rows. The upper elements are layered on the bottom. In Ousmane the symptoms and not neglective each other.

Kolontar – mail, similar to Usman. It also inserted a metal plate on the back and chest. In Ousmane not provided sleeves.

Myths of fantasy

In many games and the books can be found the concept of chainmail. It is used to denote Chain mail. Parsing words in composition, however, clearly indicates a tautology. It is sufficient to use only the term mail. In English its value & ndash; mail. Accordingly, the concept of the chain seems unnecessary.

Perhaps the authors of the games have been misled by another term splint mail. This concept can be roughly translated as "Board Mail". The composition of the words allows you to use it to translate the Russian term "bakhterets".

Protection of the head and neck

The Armor was worn not only on the body. In Western Europe used a special hood, which provides protection of the head and neck. They often wore a pot helmet. To the conical headgear was attached to the Aventail. She was attached to the edges of the helmet. It is often defended not only the neck of the warrior, but his face. mail value

In Eastern Europe have used misource. It was a lightweight helmet with Aventail, mounted on a convex metal disc. In its form it resembled the Jewish kippah and protect only the upper part of the skull.

Protection of other parts of the body

As above mentioned, the ammunition was part of warrior gloves. They were not fully armored. They are made of durable fabric or leather. Chain mail were sewn on top. The ring on his palm bothered to hold a weapon.

The Western European knights in the 11th-13th centuries wear chainmail stockings for the legs. They were called "highway" and reached mid-thigh.

Production

The first versions of the chain mail consisted of reduced rings. The ends of the wire from which made the ring not fastened.

Subsequently began riveting or welding the elements. In this casein the latter case they were connected to each other by means of riveted rings. However, there were some chain mail, in which all the elements have been welded.

The simplest weave pattern was "4 in 1". In this case, the ring was connected with four neighboring. However, such a scheme of weaving did not provide the same protection, so it is complicated. Began to use variants of "6 or 8 1 or 8 2".

With the increase of the protective properties, however, increased the weight of the ammunition. In addition, for the manufacture of more complex plexus needed more time. In the end, increased end cost of the armor. Sufficient strength in a simple plexus received Indian masters.

Before How to make chainmail, made the wire. Was common two methods. In the first case, the blacksmith had to forge the rod to approximately the desired size. The second method was more time consuming, but the wire was better. The blacksmith had to stretch the thin part of the rod through the metal cone to reduce the diameter, aspect ratio and give it a round shape. This procedure was performed several times to achieve the desired thickness.

In the manufacture of armor was also used seamless ring. They were cut from metal sheets. Welding was mainly used in non-European countries, particularly in India.

It is Worth saying that in the middle Ages to the Renaissance Europeans made the ring from wire. Each item is individually forged. The fact that in the Dark ages the technology of drawing of rods were lost. how to make chainmail

Basic settings

These are the inner diameter of the rings and the cross section of the wire. Of course, it was necessary that the first parameter was greater than the second. Otherwise the warrior would be awkward to move. However, if the internal diameter is very large, the armor did not provide any protection whatsoever.

Generally, the internal size was greater than the cross section of the wire 5 b. In average diameter was about one centimeter. In practice, checking the quality of the armor were fairly straightforward. If the thumb was held in a ring, the product to use in battle is impossible.

Materials

First, we need wire. If you take the steel rods, they will require 7-8 kg for a single product. In addition, the rod specified diameter and wooden bars.

To Produce rings with internal dimensions of 6 mm from the rod section 1,2 mm. For elements of greater magnitude is necessary to take thicker wire. It is worth saying that in Russia the chain mail was made from rings of different diameters.

The Wizard half of the elements tightly welded, and the remaining were subjected to additional processing. The Smiths were a bit flattened ends of the segments and punched in each small hole. After that, I had a very small rivets (about 2 mm). Each open item was pulling in 4 solid. Tips then drove, the hole was inserted the rivet, which was clench with a hammer. As a result of getting one welded and riveted single row.

In the mail there were usually not less than 15 thousand items. In some cases, their number exceeded 20 thousand. Depended on the quantity of the size, length, protective shirt, as well as the parameters themselves rings. Of course, were different and weight. The first versions of the chain mail weighed about 12-16 kg, and later – not more than 9 kg.

Advantages

Underestimate the chain armor is not worth it. They were well protected the soldier from arrows on the decline, and glancing blows. To pierce with a spear or cut with a sword it was quite difficult, especially if the warrior is actively resisted. Of course, from a bullet chainmail will not protect.

An Important advantage of the protection can be called and that it does not hamper the movement of a warrior. If the armor was made to fit, the person can even turn somersaults in it, jump and so It will not interfere with archery. It is even possible to sleep. Remove and wear protection can be very fast. To do this, outside assistance is not required. In addition, when folded it fits in a pack bag and a lot of places don't take.

Padded armour, in turn, can be used as casual wear. It perfectly protects from the cold.

The weight of the chain mail are small compared to the lats, but it is distributed quite unevenly. The main pressure falls on the shoulders of the warrior. the lexical meaning of the word mail

Very simple to repair the chain. It is sufficient to replace the lost or damaged items. If the blacksmith is not, then you can tighten the hole a leather belt. If mash armor, the blacksmith needed help. Without him to repair the armor impossible.

If you remove or add a few rows of rings, a chain can wear and the other person.

Additional information

It is Worth saying that even the best coat of mail, made of high quality steel with the latest technology of past centuries, not saved and not had to defend from the shots and strong weapon strikes at close range. From the impact of blunt objects warrior defended not so much mail, how many padded armour. From chopping and cutting strokes to escape you, but from the crushing and piercing – not.

About not enough high protective properties of the armor evidenced by the fact that as long as she was the primary form of armor until the 14th century, knights used predominantly universal gun fight. They, in particular, were maces, swords, axes. After the emergence and active proliferation of lat began to applyweapons designed to penetrate armor. These include, for example, Klevtsov and beamed, Canary, battle hammers. Accordingly, against a lightly armoured opponent such weapons were less effective.

Have chain mail a number of specific disadvantages. First and foremost, metal is susceptible to corrosion. The rings are very difficult to clean from rust. This is especially problematic in the field. To cleanse the coat of mail was usually placed in a barrel of sand and rolled in it for some time.

Another disadvantage is that the roar of the rings when walking. Warriors in chain mail was difficult to get close to enemies undetected. For noise reduction were used lubricant. However, it did not eliminate sound completely.

Despite the relatively small weight, the armor was still heavy. The total weight was added to the weight of the padded armour, weapons. Summer in hot weather after a few days socks ammunition have acquired a strong unpleasant smell.

Conclusion

In ancient times the problem of protecting the soldiers from the arrows and blows was quite acute. The fact is, that in former times it was an active struggle for territory. Especially frequent were the raids on Russia from nomadic tribes.

When creating protection were taken into account the need to ensure free movement of the warrior, including in the saddle. Chain mail was the best option at the time. She was flexible, soft, and lightweight. Blacksmiths constantly improved armor, added new items, changed the manufacturing technology.

Even with the advent of heavy lat chainmail continued throughout active use. She made armor mobile, flexible, without compromising their protective properties. Of course, with the advent of new types of weapons chainmail gradually began to lose its value. However, it was a rather long common in Europe and Eastern countries. Moreover, it is constantly improved. Actively used ammunition nomadic peoples. They were constantly on the move and needed a lightweight and mobile protection. The chain mail fit perfectly.

Indicative example of the advantages of chain mail is the Ice. Heavy knights, clad in heavy armor, are unable to move quickly on the ice. Russian soldiers were more mobile.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://tostpost.com/ar/education/16858-chain-mail---what-is-it.html

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/32587-kal-chuga---geta-shto-takoe.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/bildung/32267-post---was-ist-das.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/32140-la-cota-de-malla-es-lo-que-es.html

HI: https://tostpost.com/hi/education/18493-chain-mail---what-is-it.html

JA: https://tostpost.com/ja/education/16544-chain-mail---what-is-it.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/32927-sauyt---degen-m-z-ne.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/33961-kolczuga---to-co-to-jest.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/33742-cota-de-malha---que-isso.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/29338-z-rh---bu-nedir.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/33130-kol-chuga---ce-scho-take.html

ZH: https://tostpost.com/zh/education/6757-chain-mail---what-is-it.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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