Boyar Martha Boretskaya: interesting facts

Aristocrat Marfa Boretskaya was the last of the Novgorod Governor's wife. She led the struggle of the citizens against the Moscow Prince Ivan III, who still subjugated the ancient Republic and made it a part of a unified Russian state.

Personality Martha

Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya was from a boyar family. Her date of birth is not exactly known, information about childhood and youth is also not preserved. She came to the chronicle as a wife of Novgorod Posadnik Isaac Boretsky, from which it derives the name. The husband died in the second half of the 50-ies of the XV century (the last information about him dates from 1456 a year). He left his wife a lot of money and land. All of these resources allowed Martha to become one of the most influential figures in the social life of Novgorod.

In the history of the woman known as “the Governor's wife”, but the Paintings never formally had that title. It was only a derisive nickname given to her by people who hated her as a principled enemy. However, we can say that Martha was the de facto ruler of Novgorod the Great from 1471 to 1478, the year. This was the last independence day of the Republic, where she competed with Moscow for sovereignty.

Popularity in Novgorod

For the First time Marfa Boretskaya declared itself as an important political figure, when in 1470 the elections were held to the local Archbishop. She supported Pimen (and tried to defend his nomination with gold), but in the end was chosen as the protege of Moscow – Theophilus. In addition, the new Archbishop was to be consecrated in the capital of Ivan III and Kiev, as is always the case before.

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Martha was unable to forgive such wrongs, and from that moment began to establish contacts with the Lithuanian party in Novgorod. It's a political movement advocated a rapprochement of the city with the Grand Duke from Vilnius, not Moscow ruler. Such a position was contrary to the conditions which were agreed upon during the signing of Arabicola the world.

This paper was signed in 1456 (even under the father of Ivan III, Vasily the Dark). The Treaty established the dependence of Novgorod from Moscow in the formal preservation of the old institutions and practices (the Council, the title of mayor, etc.). Conditions somehow performed for many years. It was a compromise between the powerful influence of Moscow to all Russian lands and the old Republican system of Novgorod.

Champion of Poland

Marfa Boretskaya dare to go against the established order. It was headed by the boyar opposition against Ivan III and was looking for support from the Polish king Casimir IV (Poland and Lithuania existed within the prisoner between them of the Union). Martha was his own money sent to foreign sovereign Embassy, asking him to take Novgorod as autonomy in their possession. The terms were agreed, and the city came to the Governor – Michael olelkovich. These events have infuriated Ivan III. In 1471 he declared war on Novgorod.

Prepare for war

Before sending the army to the North, Ivan tried to resolve the conflict through diplomacy. He turned to a reputable intermediary on behalf of the Church. Moscow Metropolitan went to Novgorod, where he accused him of the inhabitants and Martha in the betrayal of Moscow. He also urged to abandon the Union with a Catholic state. Such an act could be regarded as a departure from Orthodoxy.

The famous Marfa Boretskaya? His intransigence. She refused to make concessions to the enemy. Learning of this, Ivan III declared a crusade against Catholic domination in an Orthodox Novgorod. The slogan has allowed him to collect many supporters, including pskovityan, Velikiy Ustyug inhabitants and Vyatichi, which in another situation would deny to Moscow for assistance. The army came into the campaign despite the fact that the Polish Governor Mikhail Olelkovich left Bank of the Volkhov and went to Kiev.

The Characteristics of Marfa Boretskaya was in the fact that she didn't give up in moments of terrible danger. In Novgorod was also collected army. His organization is not held without the participation of Martha. In addition, her son Dmitry, who was the formal Governor, he was in the army.

Shelonsky battle

Moscow army led by the famous Governor Daniel Holm and Theodore Motley was captured and burned important fortress of Rusa. After this success, the team stopped to wait for reinforcements from Pskov. At the same time, Moscow additional shelves connected with Tver squad and also headed North.

Novgorod army consisted of 40 thousand people. It went in the direction of Pskov, not to give his army to unite with the Centre. Moscow Governor guessed the plans of the enemy and marched him across the path. July 14, 1471 Holm sudden attack hit not expecting it the Novgorod army. The battle is known in historiography as Shelonsky battle (named after the river). Holm had under his command half the people than the people of Novgorod, however, his resounding kick determined the outcome of the confrontation.

Killed thousands of Novgorod. Son of Martha – Dmitry Boretsky – was captured and soon executed for treason. The defeat madethe inevitable fate of Novgorod.

Korostynskogo world

Was Soon taken Korostynskogo world (August 11, 1471). By its terms, Novgorod fell into even greater dependence on Moscow. So, the government had to submit to the Grand Prince in matters of foreign policy. This was an important innovation, as it was taken from Novgorod the ability to have any diplomatic contacts with Poland and Lithuania. Also the Grand Prince of Moscow was now subordinate to the city court. In addition, the Church of Novgorod became an integral part of a single metropolis. The main body of local government – Veche – could no longer make decisions on their own. All his certificates were certified by the Grand Duke, and the papers were put Moscow press.

However in Novgorod preserved decorative features of the old order, when it was dominated by the Republic. The Grand Duke did not touch Martha, she stayed at home. Huge concessions to Moscow has not changed its plans. She still dreamed about how to get rid of dependence on Ivan III. But for some time between the parties became king of a fragile world.

The Abolition of Novgorod independence

In Moscow, knew that Ivan intrigues of the boyar Novgorod elite and personally Marfa Boretskaya. The Governor's wife continued to try to establish contacts with Casimir, despite the execution of his own son and the defeat in the war. Ivan for some time turned a blind eye to what is happening in the North, as he had many other concerns - for example, a difficult relationship with the Tatars.

However, in 1478, the Prince was finally freed from other worries and decided to end the Novgorod outlaws. The city came to Moscow's troops. However, no serious organized resistance has not arisen. According to the order of Ivan III, boyar of Marfa Boretskaya were deprived of all their land and had to go to Nizhny Novgorod and become a nun at the local convent. Destroyed the main symbols of the freedom of Novgorod: abolished Veche, Veche bell taken away. In addition, Ivan was expelled from the city all the boyars, who were suspected of opposition to his authority. Most of them settled in Moscow – close to the Kremlin, where their influence was nullified. Novgorod also went loyal to Ivan V. the people, who occupied key positions and were able to peacefully make it a part of United Russian state.

Destiny teen girl

Marfa Boretskaya, the biography which the policy is over, really was in the monastery. The vows she took the name Mary. Former aristocrat died in 1503 in Zachatevsky monastery, which since the XIX century became known as Holy cross. The image of the Marfa Boretskaya immediately became an integral part of Russian folklore. Historians have often compared the woman with other important political figures of the weaker sex – Elia Evdoxia and Iradierii.