Water intake from underground sources

To receive water from surface sources and the deep layers arranged diversion structure. They are placed on the banks of reservoirs, rivers, lakes. For industrial purposes, buildings on the shores of the seas with subsequent submission to the discharge pipe. If in coastal areas there is no fresh water, then apply a system for desalination and purification of sea water in accordance with the economic and technical justification.

To extract the water from underground currents arrange facilities deep with the use of a pumping system. Shore facilities with the fluctuation of the water level in the reservoir built on artificial foundations, piles, Foundation to protect the station from ice and floating objects. The location of the diversion structure are coastal, and special gravity (bed).

Types of stations

Run-of-river station, a gravity-type pitch on the shore of a shallow pond with a small gentle slope and poor soil. Their design provides for receiving the well tubing with the free flow, the intake is protected with grid. The water is obtained through a system of pumps is fed into the pressure tubing for future use. Headroom satisfied completely submerged, flooded only in case of a spill, or surface. The pumping station works together with the recipient or installed as a standalone unit.

On the steep banks of the ponds provided the diversion structure of the coastal type, which the design does not contain end walls and pipelines. Water intake is ensured by the vents, since its level allows it to do under any circumstances. Shore well satisfied with half a meter above the highest rising of the water level, be sure to put a pumping station. If the figure in the river varies considerably, then the structure has several separate sections in accordance with the number of lines of suction. The upper Windows serve to collect the surface layer during the flood, which gives the opportunity to take the clean liquid.

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A Special type of water intake stations apply in the case of need for a large volume of fluid or if the climate requires a constant struggle with ice crusts. In these intakes suit faux bucket-type channel. Its dimensions are determined depending on the speed of floating deep-frozen blocks. Scoops with grass-roots reception put on within the mouth for the reception of near-bottom currents and struggle with deep ice floes. Buckets with top entry designed for installation in the mouth against the flow and serve for receiving the clarified surface liquid. These types of water intake structures allow you to dig in the buckets in the coastal rock to a depth of 3.5 m or make them in a river channel, separated by a dike.

With facilities for filtration and treatment are well-clarified liquid into the flood or debacle. Before entering the pressure pipe, the moisture is filtered through a thick layer of gravel and sand layers are naturally located on the bottom or the banks, then was adopted by a shaft, tubular or horizontal devices.

If you want to provide a temporary supply of water, build floating or movable intakes. For the location of mobile stations on the waterfront provide the track with an inclination at which they move depending on the water level rise. Floating structures arrange on the fixed anchor barges or pontoons. The disadvantages of temporary water intakes include the fact that all the pipelines are made of flexible materials, and this leads to their premature deterioration and inconvenience to use in ledokolnyy period.

To extract moisture from sand and sandy soils from the upper unconfined horizontal layer arrange mine wells. Material for them is concrete on a metal frame. Water is supplied to the receivers through the holes in the walls and floor. The bottom of the well is equipped with a reverse filtering layer, consisting of sand with thickness up to 0.6 m and several layers of gravel with a total thickness of 0.15 m Above the ground surface the well stands at 0.8 m. the Walls protected the castle from clay with thickness up to 0.5 m, which goes underground of 0.3-1.2 m. Necessarily arranged adjacent concrete blind area with a slope from the walls with a width of 1-1,5 m.

Operation of water intake facilities in the Northern regions is complicated by the harsh winter climate, when freeze open water. The facilities are used only during the melting of the ice. Northern areas are characterized by an almost complete absence of underground sources of rare water contain lots of minerals and unsuitable for drinking. Admission to the winter moisture is scarce, so take it from the layers located beneath the frozen soil. To increase the level of water in reservoirs organize artificial dam and expand the reservoir area, thus contributing to a regulated recharge of rivers and lakes freezing from underground sources.

Sources

The abstraction of water for use in cities and villages is carried out from the surface and subsurface layers. The aquifers in the soil column are pressure and pressure. The horizontal layers near the surface or deep in the rivers, lakes are called ground. Groundwatercharacterized by high pollution, and before entering the pressurized water necessarily are cleaned.

The Pressure of the water completely fill the horizontal seams, located below the neighboring water bodies or used for recharging. Artesian springs have valuable clean water, to extract satisfied with these types of intakes that the design does not contain treatment devices. In the well for receiving water from a pressure in a horizontal layer there is an imaginary line of liquid rise, which coincides with the level surface of the nearest body of water. If this line passes above the surface of the soil, the moisture flows out of the well is called artesian.

The pressure and Pressure of water seeping to the ground surface, form a descending and ascending keys, supplying high quality water that is used for drinking purposes without expensive purification systems. Quality indicators of source, such as power, depth, richness of minerals, it is used to select the type of structure water intake station. While taking into account technical and economic considerations and the need for a certain type of liquid (for industrial, drinking, household needs).

Select a location

Construction of water intake facilities is based on predictions of fluid properties from the selected source, the necessity of conversion of the coastal zone, restructuring of the river channel or other body of water and hydraulic conditions. When you change the water level more than 6 m and the steep slope of the shore, sufficient for the normal flow of water, build a combined shore facilities.

If you plan to average performance, due to the small height of rise of water combine intakes with pumping systems. The intakes are separate type of building in the low performance and large depth of the reservoir. If the fluctuation of the surface of the water less than 6 m, the depth is small, then use ruslovye type of water intake pumping station the design of coastal receiver.

Hydraulic calculations

To determine the optimal parameters of the applied pipeline hydraulic calculation. Take into account the bandwidth pipes and other elements for the entire expected life. Water consumption is defined as the need for it during peak analysis of the connected consumers. Based on these data, calculate the pipe diameters required for the cost-effective pass of a given mass with minimal losses.

Make axonometric diagram indicating the direction from the input to the attached hydrant node when choosing the location with the least number of turns. Calculated lengths from one nodal point to another, taking into account the number of points of analysis liquid. The pipe diameter is changed to a different plot within the same section of the pipe provide for the same size. Construction of water intake facilities is performed after a complete hydraulic calculation.

Treatment facilities

Define water quality based on these indicators:

• Physical properties such as turbidity, presence of taste, color, smell, temperature;
• Chemical qualities that characterize the ability to oxidation, hardness, active response, mineral content;
• Bacteriological properties that show the degree of penetration by bacteria into the water from a nearby sewage precipitation, of animal feces.

Drinking water is under scrutiny. Requirements for the quality liquids for consumer use are standardized and are contained in GOST Р51232 – 1998. The document takes into account requirements for chemical, physical and bacterial indicators. If the purity of the water does not meet the normative data, we constructed water treatment facilities. The most common methods recognized by the cleaning disinfection and bleaching. To lighten apply filtering and advocacy multiple stages, whereby the impurities settle to the bottom. Germicidal irradiation, normalized chlorination, ozonization is used for getting rid of pathogens.

Obtaining water from underground sources

The choice of water intake station for receiving fluid from the subsurface layers influence the depth of the location and the capacity of the layer. Structures are divided into four types:

• Abstraction wells;
• Drilled wells;
• Intakes horizontal actions;
• Kapitanie device.

The Intake structures of underground water in wells or tube wells are used to extract the liquid from the reservoir at a depth of over 10 m. the Construction is the drilling of the well and the strengthening of the walls of casing pipes. Gradually with the depth of water decreases the diameter of the pipe. In the lower part of the hole set a filter and on the surface above the borehole, build the viewing camera. If the pressure of the aquifer is strong enough, the water rises to the surface under pressure, otherwise the moisture is fed up with pumps.

Facilities by type wells are used for accepting water from a depth of over 30 m Wall - concrete, brick or wood,often use ready-made standardized elements, to be installed sequentially on one another. In the lower part of the walls and the bottom of the well provide openings for natural fluid intake. At the bottom makes the filter a layer of sand and gravel. With the increased water requirements can be arranged several wells, connected by a siphon to a sump where pumps, moisture is supplied to the water supply.

Underground diversion structure horizontal actions serve to collect moisture at a shallow depth. They operate at depths of up to 8 m from the standard concrete or ceramic elements with holes or slits in the side surfaces. Simple horizontal styles make of thinned brick or rubble masonry, for preventive maintenance designed inspection chambers every 100 m.

Kapitanie cameras are used for taking water from the keys. They represent a simple mine wells, arranged above the appearance of water on the surface. To receive fluid from downstream key sources, make kapitanie chamber for collecting moisture through the vertical wall to the horizontal type of intake.

Collection of water from sources on the surface

With this method of water intake as measures for uninterrupted receiving moisture throughout the year. This structure is closer to the consumer in a sustainable, least polluted place shore, built above industrial plants and sites of drainage. Water intake from surface sources satisfied taking into account the possible rotation of the riverbed over time. The elements of the system have so that after the formation of the ice cover in the winter to the top of the houses was not less than 0.3 m, and the bottom of the water did not reach the bottom of the river at 1 m.

The Diversion structure often built on the combined principle of two or more kinds, it is determined by the characteristics of the reservoir and the required amount of consumption. Before operating the system passes the technical testing. Surface diversion structure crossing the starting washed with water at a rate of 1 m/s. Household water chlorinated for disinfection.

Arrangement of external water supply networks

External system includes main roads and secondary lateral line. As the pipe material used environmentally friendly components, selected according to the conditions of GOST. Between the dispensing station and pressure water liquid passes through the sewage treatment plant that settles in the tank and with the help of regulating devices is sent to the user. Pipe diameter main trunk is taken according to the hydraulic calculation and the lateral diameters are used with the fire, the noise of liquid flow.

Devices for lifting water

Pumping systems put in a circuit of water movement to convert the energy of the engine into hydraulic energy transmitted fluids. Using these devices moisture raised to the desired height and serves over long distances and forced to flow in a closed piping system that involves the operation of water intake structures. The choice of pumps for water intake structures is dependent on engine type, power, pressure, efficiency and other indicators. The most common in use are centrifugal pumps that have enough advantages over other types.

Reservoirs and water towers

To achieve the pressure in the water supply and to raise the liquid to the high-rise floors serve as water towers that operate by the physical principle of communicating vessels. The reservoir tank in the tower is calculated on the amount of water which regulates the fluid supply to consumers within a certain time, if you fail the water intake from underground sources.

In the tank of a water tower holds the water it needed for emergency fire suppression within 10 minutes after ignition. Water tower construction contains tank, support base, made at the height of the tallest building in the village. In the Northern region arranged in the insulated housing, and in the South is only covering over the tank.

Tanks for water storage put in different areas of the water system, they serve for storing liquid. The amount of tanks depends on their purpose and needs in the saturation water pressure in the consumer system. Material for construction is of burnt brick, various types of natural stone and concrete. On the form there are round and rectangular tanks. Overlapping runs monolithic or modular way.

Repair of underground and underwater pipelines

The Device of water intake facilities with long piping after some period of operation requires periodic repair and maintenance. Sometimes the throughput of water is reduced by deposits in pipes of blockages and depositions. Its cleaning is done periodically in the light of cases of flushing reverse or direct water flow. For more complex cases use scrapers or wire brushes.

To Extractthe damaged pipeline to the surface – work troublesome and costly. So cleaning designed a special device moving inside the pipe. Device moves, and the rotating stiff brush and remove deposits on the walls. For cleaning of the pipeline from which the liquid removed, making sinkers, giving the design of the pipes to the surface.

For removing heavy tears or holes in the pipes and lift them to the surface, and after replacing the damaged area again lowered to the bottom. Not too complicated damage repair using underwater welding.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the device of water intake structures requires special knowledge to determine the type of structures to choose the place and to collocate components. But as modern consumers do not see their existence without life-giving water, over time, new constructive solutions and ideas to extract water from the bowels of the planet.