Smut is a fungal disease of cereals. How is the infection of crops by fungi golovnevykh

Cereals are perhaps the most common crops. In order to obtain large yields of such plants, for they, like any other, of course, need to take care of. Much attention in the farming grains to prevention of different kinds of fungal diseases. Infection such infections significantly reduces productivity, and hence causes great losses to agricultural producers. Most often, the grains become infected with smut. This fungal disease is able in some cases to destroy the entire crop of wheat, rye or, for example, corn.

Causes

The Actual mushrooms called extensive group of species, numbering more than 100 thousand species. In the system of the organic world, they, like animals or plants, form a separate unit. Apart in it are parasites. It is in this category included species and smut fungus.

These parasites Belong to the group of basidiomycetes. To date, scientists know of about 1000 species of them. To order they are all United in 40 genera. Common smut fungus across the Land. These parasites occur in the steppes, forests, deserts and even in the Arctic ice.

Cereals are often amazed smut fungus Basidiomycetes (order Ustilaginales). In the development cycle of this parasitic organism is the mycelium, spores, basidiospores and gems.

Firebrand — this disease, to determine which is easy

To Distinguish the infected with this type of fungus grass from healthy is quite easy. The ear in such plants becomes absolutely black, coal color. Here, in fact, gave the name of the disease. The corn smut fungus is often eaten in full. Instead, the spike in the end there are only black spores of the parasite.

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How is the infection of crops by fungi golovnevykh

Diseases Caused by Basidiomycetes for researchers for a long time remained a real mystery. Explained the blackening of the ear the researchers first violation of metabolism in plants. Later also speculated that such changes occur as a result of the activity of any insects or ciliates.

Spores of smut in blackened plants researchers had found only in the late nineteenth century. Since then to fight this disease of cereals was, of course, easier.

There is an infection in agricultural crops most often smut at harvest. The spores of the parasite adhere to the grains and can be stored together with them in the elevators until planting. For a long time may be they are in the soil, great enduring severe weather conditions.

In the period of rest the spores of this parasite is not needed. They germinate as soon as the environmental conditions will change to the appropriate — will increase the air temperature, and soil moisture. Begin to develop from spores mycelium may fall or next spring.

During the sowing spores into the ground even with the grains. The mycelium at the initial stage, the parasite forms not too big. But in the future growing mycelium infects emerged from weevil sprouts of cereals. Next, the mycelium gradually spreads within the stem of the ear of wheat, rye, etc. the growth of plants. About the time of flowering of the cultures it reaches panicles. Immediately after this, the mycelium greatly accelerates its development. As a result, the ear gradually begins to blacken, and grains — replaced by spores of the parasite.

How is the mycelium

Parent — this the disease is not only common but difficult to treat. Feature of fungi Basidiomycetes is a very strong and viable mycelium. Extends across the diseased tissue it is usually between the cells, but can sometimes last, and permeate through.

Before the collapse of spores on the mycelium Basidiomycetes starts to branch. Her gifs while sharing additional transverse walls. After some time, the sheath cells of the mycelium osliznyayutsya, and then are replaced by more dense. Next, cells ethnoreligious from the main branches of the mycelium. Such isolated areas and called golovnevykh disputes. On the ear they form a well-marked black mass (sometimes dense, sometimes dusty).

The whole plant the mycelium of this mushroom usually does not penetrate. Depending on the specific type of pathogen it is possible to see, for example, in the ovaries of cultures, in the stem, the parts of the ear.

What types of brands exist

So How is the infection of crops by fungi golovnevykh And how is this parasite, we found out. To hit the same Basidiomycetes may All kinds of cereals and corn. Depending on the place of the main concentration of mycelium and signs,the following types golovni:

• Stableboy;

• Puserdata;

• Tverduyu;

• Piliou;

• Karlikowo.

The character expression Grains Cultures The smut is divided into solid and dust. In the first case, the plants are only grains. Their shells are virtually fully preserved. In them, as in the sacs are the spores of the fungus.

With dust smut infected plant is destroyed almost completely. The spores of the fungus while in the ear do not stay. Gusts of wind very quickly spread them across the field.

What harm does fungus

As mentioned, Smut — this sZabolevanie, which under certain circumstances can destroy the entire crop. Cause fungi-parasites of this species to plants and indirect damage. The infected mycelium ears poorly developed, become weak, unable to resist all kinds of infections. At the same time, everything else, more and significantly decreases their winter hardiness and drought resistance. A smut diseased plants do not even have time for a harvest to vykolachivanii. Especially great harm to smut winter deals grains Cultures.

Flour from wheat, rye, etc., infected with smut, it turns out poorly. At the manufacturing stage infected grain should also be sifted from the spores of the fungus. However, the bakery products of such flour still turn out tasteless. Products, unfortunately, become characteristic taste of smut.

How to deal

To prevent infection of crops firebrands, should:

• Be sure to treat the seeds before planting;

• To observe agronomic practices — to alternate grain crops with other agricultural crops.

You must Also try to grow in the fields only resistant varieties of cereals. Those breeders have developed a lot. For example, smut of millet Pretty still rarely develops on varieties such as Kinel 92, 86 Kharkiv, Saratov 3, etc.

The Etching is usually performed by keeping the planting material in warm water (about 47 ^OC) for 3 hours. Also kill the spores of the smut can be special drugs, for example, “Vitavaks”.

As already mentioned, the infection of cereal crops by this disease can occur directly through the soil. In addition to alternate types of agricultural plants, therefore, should take measures such as the plowing of the soil in the spring.

What damage the disease can cause vacationers

Fungal diseases of cereals actually Very dangerous. However, grain inVate households of suburban areas in their gardens, of course, grow rarely. But and in the garden smut can cause quite considerable damage. Very often encounter it-for example, gardeners who grow corn. EThe popular culture usually gets infected with bubble kind of smut. In this case, the fungus affects not only the panicles and ears, but other parts of the plant. The parasite usually develops on the young, not yet hardened tissues of maize. Yield Losses when infected cobs on average reach 50%.

To protect plants in the garden as in the fields of agricultural enterprises, we must first adhere to the rules of crop rotation. Subject to this condition, vacationers will likely not have to face such a problem as bubble smut of corn.

To reduce the risk of crop losses due to fungus is to use seed material only resistant to smut varieties and to treat it before planting preparation ‘Triticonazole”. The bushes of corn need from time to time to prevent treating some fungicide. In autumn, all plant residues should be collected from the beds andburn. While the land on the site need to dig over on a bayonet of a shovel.