How to make pencils? Manufacture of pencils

We use Pencils since kindergarten. But few of us know how to make pencils, what kind of wood is used for this purpose. It is noteworthy that the establishment of these stationery products made in each factory on its own. But there are common elements that are fundamental to the production process.

What kind?

The Classic wooden pencil has an important component of – the wood, the quality of which depends the operation of this accessory. It is clear that not every tree is suitable for this purpose. In the past, industry used wood virginskaja or red cedar belongs to the genus juniper. Long fibers, absence of knots, ease in handling – that's what attracted the attention in this material. But because of the high cost of European and American brands that produce the pencils, began to use wood California cedar. And on its basis to create high-quality products, which are used in the graphic and artistic purposes.

In most cases, the pencils are made of alder, Linden, pine, California and Siberian pine, as well as rare trees such as the jelutong. What wood makes pencils in our country? In most cases of the alder and lime, which on the territory of Russia a huge amount.

Alder is not the most durable material, but she has a uniform structure that makes easier the processing and retains the natural color. As for Linden, it meets all operational requirements, and therefore is used in the manufacture and cheap, and expensive pencils. Due to good viscosity material firmly holds the stylus.

Unique to create pencils material – the cedar, which is widely used in the factories in Russia. It is noteworthy that use healthy wood, and instances that do not give a nut.

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Stem: what is the basis?

The Production of pencils is made using a special rod. Graphite pencil consists of three components – graphite, soot and sludge, which are often added organic binder. And graphite is a permanent component, including color, as the stylus leaves on the paper trail.

The Rods are made from carefully prepared mass which has a certain temperature and humidity. It is important that the mixture doesn't dry out, as this will affect the wear of the equipment. Dough special press molded, and then is passed through the equipment with holes that makes a lot like noodles. The noodles are formed into cylinders, from which extruded rods. It remains only to be heated in a special crucible. Then the rods are fired, and after it is run internship: the resulting pore pressure and at a certain temperature, filled with fat, stearin or wax.

How to make crayons? Here the fundamental difference is, again, a rod that is made from pigments, fillers, fattening components and binder. Here the production process of the terminal the following:

• Made the rods fit into special grooves on the plate and lay a second plank;
• Both boards are glued together with white glue, the core should not be glued;
• The ends of the glued plates are aligned;
• The dissection is performed, that is, the addition of fat to the existing mixture.

It is Noteworthy that the production of pencils is tailored to consumer properties of products. So, cheap are created from wood not of the highest quality, exactly the same - not the best quality - and shell. But the pencils that are used for artistic purposes, made from quality wood, which has double the sizing.

Stage wood preparation

The Production of pencils is made from well selected timber, which is processed to obtain bars. Must be done facing bars along the length of the pencil, and you need to consider allowances, as there will be shrinkage of the material. Special multi rip machine performs the cut bars into plates, which are subjected to impregnation with paraffin in special autoclaves. This procedure contributes to the improvement of the mechanical properties of the future product.

Depending on what made the pencil will be performed and sharpening. It is believed that the neat shavings obtained if the product is made of pine wood, basswood or cedar. In addition, it is important that the stylus was a taped-up like this pencil even if dropped will not break.

What is shell?

From the shell depends on the simplicity and beauty of pencil. So how to make pencils from wood, it must meet the following requirements:

1. Softness, strength and lightness: in the process of operation, the shell should not break or crumble, and the entire case.
2. Do Not delaminate under the influence of natural factors.
3. Have a beautiful cut – smooth and shining, while the shavings must not break.
4. Wood must be resistant to moisture.

What equipment?

The Production of pencils is carried out using diverse equipment. For example, purification of the clay from which subsequentlywill create a graphite rod, requires special grinding mills and crushers. Processing mixed test conducted on a screw press, where the dough rollers with three different clearances formed the very core. For these purposes applies drawplate with holes. Drying of wood is performed in the drying racks, where products are subjected to rotation for 16 hours. With good dry wood takes on moisture level, a maximum of 0.5%. As for colored pencils, they are heat treated are not exposed due to the presence of fillers, dyes and fatliquoring components. On a special machine is trimming pencils in length.

Drying

How do you make pencils? In the production process plays an important role drying. It is performed in special wells with the help of machines, and the plates are stacked so that drying was the most effective. In these wells drying is performed about 72 hours, then the plates are sorted: all cracked or ugly products are rejected. Selected workpieces processed through paraffin, are calibrated, that is, they cut the special grooves where the studs will be located.

How to make pencils for production next? Now used milling crossing the line, which divides the blocks into crayons. Depending on what shape the knives are used at this stage, pencils out, or round, or oval, or oval. An important role is played by the stylus mount in a wooden case: this should be done firmly and securely, reducing the risk of loss of the elements of the stylus. Elastic adhesive that is used for ligaments, makes the stylus more durable.

Features of the coverage

Modern and simple colored pencils presented in a huge variety of designs and colors. So how to make pencils in the factory, is paying close attention to every stage of production. Painting – one of the important stages, as it must meet a number of requirements. For surface finishes use a method of extrusion, and the end face is coated by dipping. In the first case, the pencil passes through the priming device, where the end of the pipeline, he turned to applying the next layer. Thus is obtained a uniform coating.

Paint Quality: what it depends on?

The Quality of color depends on how compliant coating materials themselves, whether established priming machine, observing the terms of the drying of the pencils on the tape. Any pencil factory uses quick-drying formulations, which form on the surface of a solid, durable and flexible film, good bonding to the wood surface.

Color is a special primer paints, which have a certain viscosity and contain pigments. If pigment part is large, it will reduce the film adhesion and further coating the surface of nitrocellulose lacquer. Even pencils are lacquered using gloss nitrocellulose lacquer.

If a pencil of dark shades, he painted at least 5 layers and 4 layers of varnish. To achieve the light shades, use a combination of 7 layers of paint with 4 coats of varnish. In this case, for uniform and accurate coating, it is important that the surface had a maximum of 18 layers. Staining end portions of the pencils is performed in kunalei the car, which is lowered to the frame located on it with crayons.

Frame pencil

Depending on how they make pencils and what materials may vary and frame. In the traditional version of the stylus has a wood frame, however, the modern market offers a wide range of products in plastic, varnished paper and even the case. On the one hand, it contributes to their beauty and strangeness, on the other, the fall from such pencils a little that remains.

After painting pencils are subjected to finishing. For this purpose, various stamps and foil of different colors. Describe the process for handling temperature control.

What is the hardness?

All the crayons, pencils different hardness of the stylus, which is reflected in their labeling. Need to select them so: the more dense and hard the paper is, the more solid must be the graphite rod. But too hard graphite can damage the paper. In Russia, you can buy pencils following markings:

1. M – soft.
2. T – hard.
3. TM & ndash; hard-soft.

On the labelling to help you choose pencils to create drawings or drawing in the appropriate technique.

Features colored pencils

What make Of pencils, we've already figured out. Now you need to understand when and how did the colored pencils. It is known that the first product with a color pencil appeared in 1820, however, who invented them, and remain a mystery. The basis of the color of the stylus lies in the combination of connecting substances, color pigments and filler. As a connecting substance is the clay kaolin, whichformed and four stylus. As colored pigments are used shredded non-ferrous materials high quality and the pigment may be an organic or inorganic base. The color pigments themselves are created from materials that are resistant to fading under the influence of sunlight and environmental safety. Today, pencils are available in 36 color shades accordingly to the international scale of Pantone shades. As for fillers, this is used as kaolin and chalk, which are subjected to careful grinding.