Waste water and their classification

The System of removal of sewage and the buildings used for these purposes are part of the engineering devices, exploitation of which is the improvement of the city, residential or industrial complex. If to describe the fluid of this type, it can be characterized as follows. Is water that has been used for any purpose, after which its properties were considerably degraded, and for further use it became unusable.

General description of the concept

Most Often, wastewater streams are those liquid that have been changed from the initial properties. Most often such changes occur due to the fact that in the fall a variety of impurities. In addition, this class includes those waters which are removed from the cities and towns with sewer or drain with any industrial enterprise.

If we consider the type and composition of wastewater, they can be divided into three categories: domestic, industrial, atmospheric.

Description of household liquid form

Waste water - those streams that have been contaminated as a result of practical activities and livelihoods of people. Most water in this category there is a large content of mineral and organic impurities. If we talk about mineral mixtures, it is most often ammonium, chlorides, etc. Of organic substances most frequently observed the presence of nitrogen-free and nitrogen-containing components. Most often, such substances are presented in the form of proteins, fats or carbohydrates. Less common, but still there are impurities in the form of microorganisms or viruses and bacteria that carry a variety of diseases.

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Types of industrial effluents

If we talk about the wastewater production category, the important role played by the nature of the industrial enterprises which creates these drains. Depending on this, they can be divided into several groups.

The First group is fluid, in which there are impurities of inorganic origin. These compounds carry a variety of special toxic substances. It can be galvanic sewage companies, construction companies, factories for the production of minerals and other. Waste from these companies are changing the structure of the pH of the water. The effluent from such structure contain salt of heavy metal. These substances are considered toxic to the possible inhabitants of the reservoir, which will go down wastewater.

There is a group of water which contains inorganic compounds that are considered non-toxic. Runoff of these waters create such plants, such as cement, ore-dressing, etc. Wastes from this industry are not considered too dangerous for those reservoirs where the water goes down.

Another category is industrial wastewater, which contains organic non-toxic elements. Such waste is characterized by the food industry. It can be factories for the production of dairy, meat, microbiological and other products. If you get such kind of fluid in the reservoir it significantly increased this parameter as biochemical oxygen demand.

The Last group, which is considered the most dangerous, it is a liquid containing organic elements with a special toxic substances. Waste of this type is characterized by, for example, the oil refining industry. Also it is worth adding those plants that produce sugar or canned goods.

Consumption

Wastewater treatment Methods also come in different types. The presence of several options due to the fact that each industry should have its own method. In order to develop a suitable method of purification, uses a variety of scientific methods. Another important condition is that the enterprise should consume as much water as needed for its operation, so as not to create unnecessary dirty fluid.

Definition of the norms of water consumption

The First thing you need to do in order to choose the best method of sewage treatment is to determine the fluid allowance for plant, factory, etc. For this there are two ways: scientific and reasonable calculations, or best practices. There is also the concept of consolidated water company.

However, the definition of the norm is suitable only for the industry, and what to do with precipitations that wash away all the dirt from the street, and after carrying her through the sewers and poured in a certain place? To affect these factors, it is necessary to periodically dry cleaning streets. However, here it should be said immediately that this will not solve the problem 100%. In any case, in the ambient groundwater will get polluted water from roads, which is theparticles of organic matter, nutrients, petroleum products, salts of metals.

Description urban waters

In practice, quite often used such a thing as urban wastewater. In this category you most often combine domestic and industrial flows. You should pay attention to what to take, industrial and atmospheric water separately or together. The most popular wastewater systems steel obespylivanie and separate design. The advantage of using the first category system is that it is not difficult to deduce from a city sewage pipes all types of contaminated water. Most often such networks are at cleaning stations, structures. As for the separate systems, there are several pipeline networks, each of which moves a fluid of a different type. For example, the first channel may be transported by rainwater and uncontaminated water, and the second - water with various harmful impurities.

What criteria affect the choice of drainage system?

When choosing the network to clear the need to consider the following parameters: substances of waste water contained within the composition of the liquid, to assess the technical, sanitary, economic component of the enterprise. You also need to include the intensification of activities of the selected object.

Not to be mistaken with the choice of drainage system, you must also define a value such as the maximum permissible discharge (MPD). By this term I understand a lot of elements contained in water that can be allowed for abstraction using a selected system in the selected mode per unit time. It is important to ensure that the water quality control point.

Most Often, the pollution of reservoirs, lakes, etc. is due to the fact that down here, wastewater from industrial enterprises. The discharge of polluted liquid may cause changes in some physical properties, for example, temperature, smell, etc. in addition, these places almost immediately become unusable for public water supply.

Monitoring issue

Of Course, there are certain conditions of release of dirty water into the pond. The main criterion in favor of a national economic significance, as well as the nature of the use. After the release of contaminated water water quality in the pond is much worse. So the release is allowed only in the case that it is not too much impact on life in the pond, and if it does not harm fish breeding in the future in this place. In addition, to keep the possibility of further use of the reservoir as source of water supply to the population.

Compliance with all requirements of this kind observes the sanitary-epidemiological service. Another important point is that the rules of protection of water bodies is not uniform. It all depends on what purpose will be used further in the vault. Thus, there is a first group which includes water bodies that should remain suitable for centralized and decentralized water supply population. The second type is the preservation of the reservoir for swimming, recreation and sports. Health station will include all water bodies to one of the two groups.

The Process of self-purification of water

Today we know that this process is self-purification of water in the reservoir. It is understood the flow of hydrodynamic, chemical, microbiological and hydrobiological reactions due to which the fluid returns to its original state.

However, to achieve such a result, it is necessary to observe certain restrictions on waste water release. First, the release of contaminated water should not disrupt the functioning of other objects. Secondly, the waste liquid should not contain such substances or impurities that can clog or even be deposited inside the pipes. In that case, if the waste water production does not meet these requirements, it is pre-cleaned at the station, and then descends into the pond.

The Process of mechanical cleaning

The Mechanical treatment of waste water can be used if there are water-insoluble mineral or organic matter. Most often this process is a preliminary way of cleansing liquid. To use this method is running before proceeding to the main. If you run this procedure on all the rules, you can ensure that the mechanical quantity of suspended substances is reduced to 92%, and organic - to 23%.

Mechanical water purification systems include devices such as filters, gratings. For example, a common thing is the grit chamber, which is intended to extract the fluid of large mineral impurities, in this case sand. Here we use equipment such as a neutralizer. This device is capable of handling and the flow of waste water.

Widespread objects like the original settlers, where you can use gravity to allocate water from heavy mechanical impurities, which settle to the bottom of the tank. To purify water coming from refineries, is usedspecial oil separator. It's a special tank of rectangular type, where the separation of oil products from water. It uses the principle of difference in density of these compositions.

Biological wastewater treatment

It is worth noting that the biological method of purification requires additional costs, but it is used quite widely. During this procedure, all organic compounds present in the water begin to oxidize. To perform this operation, use special microorganisms.

The Purification of sewage by biological can be in vivo, i.e. in the fields of irrigation, filtration, etc., and special systems, for example in the biofilter. This creates a favorable environment for the development of special microorganisms, which greatly speeds up the cleansing procedure. However, the creation of such conditions will require additional financial costs.

Chemical and physico-chemical methods

These methods of cleansing liquid has gained the most popularity and importance when working with industrial waste water. To use these methods as separate from the rest, and in conjunction with a mechanical or biological. For example, a procedure of neutralization, which is used in cases when you need to clean industrial waste water from the acids contained in it. Most often this method is used in order to avoid the development of corrosion inside the metal of the drainage systems. It also helps to avoid the violation of the biochemical processes in the reservoir.

Precipitation

Sewage Sludge is a suspension that stands out from the contaminated fluid by mechanical, biological, chemical or physical-chemical treatment.

There are several types of precipitation that remain after cleaning. The affiliation to a particular kind depends on what equipment or method was used to improve the quality of the liquid. Coarse impurities remaining on the grates are scum. Heavy contaminants that remain in the sand traps - sand. Floating impurities remaining in the sumps, are to fatty substances. There are also precipitation, dried in sludge beds. All such types quite a lot. The discharge of wastewater into water bodies should be performed only after removal of such deposits.