Alcohols: methods and raw materials

Alcohols are used in many industries and fields. Of them produce a variety of synthetic polymers, plasticizers, rubbers, detergents, and many other varieties of products. Alcohols is carried out using biochemical and chemical methods. Many of them are mass products of petrochemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis from hydrocarbons is a relatively inexpensive production method. Also one of the most important methods is alcohols through hydration of olefins. So get isopropyl, tert - and sec - butyl and ethyl alcohols. Obtaining methyl alcohol (methanol) based on the dry distillation of wood.

The Basic process by which alcohols get:

• Alkaline hydrolysis of halogen derivatives: production of glycerin, benzyl alcohol and others.
• Hydration of epoxides and alkenes: ethylene glycol, ethanol, etc.
• Hydroformylating: hexanol, methanol, etc.
• Methods of oxidation: the production of higher fatty alcohols.
• Recovery Methods: higher fatty alcohols, xylitol, etc.
• Biochemical methods of production of glycerol and ethanol.

One of the most mass produced products is ethyl alcohol (ethanol). On its basis was developed a method of making synthetic rubber. Ethanol is produced from products of hydrolysis of wood, ethylene sulfite liquor and enzymatic method of food raw materials.

Alcohols (methanol and ethanol) from food raw material and wood is expensive and time consuming process. Ethyl alcohol is much cheaper and easier to produce from inexpensive hydrocarbon, for example, through the hydration of ethylene. To obtain one ton of ethanol enzymatic method, it is necessary to process four tons, or eight tons of sawdust. For comparison: one ton of ethanol is obtained from 2.5 tons petroleum distillates or ethylene gas. The effort in man-hours in the production of ethanol from different raw materials: grain – 160 of potatoes - 280, ethylene – 10. Alcohols from petrochemical raw materials is less costly and time-consuming.

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Also a very important chemical product is methanol. Modern production of methanol is carried out organic synthesis on the basis of carbon oxide (II) or synthesis gas on an industrial scale. Technological schemes are different. Conditionally they can be divided into the following three groups.

  Synthesis on zinc-chromium catalysts at high pressure. This process is obsolete and is replaced by different ways of synthesis at low pressure.

  Synthesis on copper-zinc-aluminum catalysts at low pressure. The use of methods for the synthesis at low pressure can significantly reduce the energy cost of production. With this method of production requires a high degree of purification of raw materials from impurities that adversely affect catalyst.

 - methanol Synthesis in three-phase system, which is held in suspension from an inert liquid and a finely dispersed catalyst. This method, which allows to increase product yield while lowering energy costs. Methods for producing alcohols improved. Three-phase system is a progressive production technology.