Basic methods of physiology. The subject and tasks of physiology

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2018-04-16 10:00:40

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Know the peculiarities of functioning of the body, each part of the structure, to be able to explore and anticipate the changes and pathology is an important task for professionals in the field of medicine. There is a science that deals with the study of just such questions. It's called physiology. The science of the processes that accompany the normal functioning of the body. It appeared a long time ago, Hippocrates was first shown interest in the functioning of living systems. Today there are various methods of studying physiology, which help to fully understand certain mechanisms and characteristics of an organism.

methods of physiology

The General concept of physiology

We must Start with the General concepts. Physiology is the science about the vital activity of the living being and its relationship with external environment, their impact on the health and proper functioning of organs and systems. In General, the main idea of this science is to identify the underlying mechanisms of existence of the living, to understand how it is self-regulation and other processes.

The Object of physiology is only a living organism, because it is possible to identify all interesting people regularities in its structure and functioning. Objectives of the course are clearly seen in the definition itself.

Thus, the subject, tasks and methods of physiology are the three components of the theoretical foundations of science. Many scientists at all times tried to grasp the essence of what is happening in the body, including a human, changes. However fully it has become possible only with the invention of modern devices and devices, that is, the full development of science was only the beginning of the twentieth century.

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That did not stop her to become one of the leaders of biological Sciences. Physiology, anatomy and medicine - three closely interrelated disciplines that are the Foundation for each other. Therefore, the methods of anatomy and physiology in some cases similar to each other.

Topics of physiology

By Itself, this study has several affiliated disciplines. Thus, there are physiology:

  • General;
  • Comparative;
  • Private.

General deals with the study of life processes in General. That is, considering the patterns of occurrence of those reactions which are manifestations of life. For example, nutrition, respiration, allocation, regulation, change of sleep and wakefulness and other. This includes a section on how the physiology of the cells, which is engaged in a detailed study of all its life forms.

Comparative physiology compares the life processes of one or different types of organisms during ontogenesis. As a result, there is a whole branch of evolutionary physiology.

methods of human physiology

Private deals with more narrow specific studies. So, there are several variants of the disciplines included in this group.

  1. Human Physiology, research methods which we will consider later.
  2. Physiology of individual groups of living organisms (insects, birds, mammals, reptiles and so on).
  3. Individual organs and tissues.
  4. Body Systems (physiology of digestion, circulation, respiration, etc.).

Particularly extensive development recently received a study of man from the point of view of this science. After all, his organism has the most complex structure. Methods human physiology sufficiently varied and effective to identify all necessary for understanding things. There are:

  • Age fisiologia;
  • Pytania;
  • Trade;
  • Sport;
  • Kosmicheskuyu;
  • Patologicheskoi;
  • Klinicheskoy.

Aggregate data of these disciplines help to embrace all the vast processes occurring inside the person and find access management.

Methods of research in physiology

There are several. There are historically developed, which were used even in ancient times. Today new formed and based on the latest scientific achievements in the field of technology, electronics, the study of electromagnetic radiation.

subject and methods of physiology

There are the following methods of physiology.

  1. Removed - one of the oldest ways of learning. Was the removal of an organ from a living creature with a further observation of the reaction and the use of the results.
  2. Fistula method. Its basis is the introduction inside of the bodies with cavity tubes of metal or plastic and fixing the thus biological fluids. Obtained data on changes in the chemical nature of the substances that have investigated the secretory function of the body.
  3. Catheterization Technique - the introduction of fine tubes in organs and blood vessels drugs that cause changes in the functioning. So we study the function of the heart, blood vessels, glands of external and of internal secretion (not all).
  4. Method denervation. is Used to study the relationship between nerves and the working bodies. For this purpose, the method of irritation with subsequent fixation of the results.
  5. Methods of studying physiology, based on the use of tools and equipment. this includes the implantation of the organs and tissues of macro - and micronutrients, registration of nerve impulses, exposure to radiation, removingindications of the heart and brain and so on.

Some methods of research in physiology, we will examine further. They are the most frequently used and important.

Monitoring

These methods physiology was used in Ancient Egypt, Rome, China, in the Ancient East. Already then there were the researchers interested in the changes taking place in living organisms. For example, in Egypt in the mummification of the pharaohs and their families made the autopsy and recorded changes in the internal environment. To evaluate such factors as:

  • The color and quality of biological fluids and the masses;
  • The colouring of bodies;
  • Color of eye sclera;
  • The quality and color of sputum;
  • Swelling of the skin, turgor and structure.

These characteristics were compared with those in healthy people and do certain conclusions. Maybe it was even set in some cases, the cause of death of the person.

methods of studying physiology

Today, the observation has not lost its relevance, especially when it comes to neuroscience. The human behavior, emotions, temperament, the outer manifestations of tremor, sweating - all these features serve certain bells to the study. They give to understand the relationship of structure and external manifestations of those or other indicators of physiological functions and processes in the body.

The doctrine of the temperament of the scientist Pavlov on the basis of studying the processes of inhibition and excitation, which are outwardly manifested in various emotional overtones in behavior and reaction to certain events, words, actions. He proved that the basis galericinae, languishing, melancholic and phlegmatic manifestations are exactly the neural processes associated with mental activity of the brain, his reactions.

These findings have been repeatedly confirmed by different scholars and psychologists, researchers. Therefore, such methods of human physiology, observation and experiment, which will be discussed further, was and is relevant, important and productive.

Experiment

Experimental methods for the study of physiology is a basic and historically the oldest, most popular. Indeed, how else to learn if not? Therefore, along with the observation was conducted and various kinds of testing, often on animals. They give almost hundred percent results in the studies allowed to obtain the most accurate data.

There are experimental methods for studying the anatomy and physiology that can be reduced to two major groups.

  1. Acute experiments. This method of research was used until the late nineteenth century, when Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov not found another option. What was the essence of such intervention in the body? The experiment was carried out on a living animal organism which is attached to a special machine. Then there was Josefina to the need for research on, and thus recorded the observed results of his work. However, a number of significant deficiencies made this method ineffective. Besides the fact that the morality is inhuman and cruel, because the animal was subjected to cruel tortures and torture, very painful operations, not helped even anesthesia, and emotional suffering, the physical pain experienced by the victim of the experiment, significantly distorted the results obtained. Had a vicious circle. To get to the desired body, it should cause suffering. They, in turn, distort the normal flow of physiological processes, and the result was not very effective.
  2. The Chronic experiment. this method, and suggested Pavlov. He was against the acute experiments because of their extreme cruelty, perhaps, that led him to the invention of more humane option. The experimental organism was also animal. However, the procedure was quite different. Before surgery surgery was performed quality anesthesia. Then the walls need body viewslas fistula - a tube of plastic or metal which is sewn to the skin on the outside. Then the animal was given time to recover, to heal the wound and formed to fully normalize the processes of life. So obtained through a fistula information for those or other processes in the investigated part of the body, she was absolutely reliable, as the body functioning normally. Studies could be conducted for a long period of time without compromising the health of the animal and in accordance with the rules of natural existence.

    methods of anatomy and physiology

So he worked basic methods of physiology are relevant in some cases to this day. Although, of course, modern technical innovations gradually completely replace intervention directly into the body from the person. It is now possible to obtain the necessary information in very different, less painful, more accurate and appropriate and human ways.

Graphic registration

Methods of human physiology are based on the use of certain equipment. Among these devices occupy an important place.

  1. Electrocardiograph. The apparatus used for fixing a heart bioelectric potentials. The result coming out of unit drawn on paper electrocardiogram,knowing which medical specialist deciphers and makes a conclusion about the condition of the heart and circulatory system. To date, this device saved the lives of millions of people. After all, the timely detection of problems is key to treatment success.
  2. Microelectrodes. The smallest structure that can implanted directly into the cell and to record the membrane action potential. Today it is one of the most important achievements in electronics, which concerns physiological studies of the human body. These electrodes can be introduced even in the human brain that allows us to observe and record changes in psychosomatic health and life.
  3. Radionuclide methods of physiology are used to obtain the quantitative characteristics of physiological processes.
  4. A Variety of sensors that emit electromagnetic waves. feedback in the form of an electrical pulse is recorded by a special device - the oscilloscope, and then transmitted for processing in the computer. Already happening here, detailed processing of the obtained information, and formed certain conclusions. So it is possible to determine the chemical concentration of certain ions, the pressure, temperature, movement and other parameters).

Thus, the modern methods of the science of physiology based on the use of instruments are the most precise, painless and scientifically informative of all of us discussed above.

Chemical and biochemical methods

Methods anatomy and physiology is not only similar to each other. They have also been linked with other Sciences. So, there is a biological physiology, biochemistry, and physical physiology. These Sciences study the processes inside the body from their point of view, that is, chemical, physical and biological.

research methods in physiology

So, with the help of these ways the impact of a substance (neurotransmitter, hormone, enzyme) on what is happening in the body processes. Chemistry helps in establishing the properties of this connection, the physics determines its thermodynamic parameters that can affect the body. Physiology requires exposure not only to a particular process, but in General on the body, the body and a set of external conditions. All these Sciences together under the General title biological chemistry.

Methods of pathological physiology

Subject and methods of physiology are closely linked and interdependent from each other concepts. However, a normal study of a healthy living organism - that is not all. There is also pathophysiology, or pathological, which explores the violation of the vital processes, their occurrence, effect on the body as a whole and each of its, and so on. Therefore, this discipline there own set of ways in which it is possible to study the identified issues.

What is physiology methods?

  1. Simulation. Divided into two groups: the living object of study and in vitro, that is an artificial physical system. To create a model of the pathogenic process using computer or mathematical calculations on paper. Also frequently used are the usual logical insights and conclusions. The model is usually built based on the obtained theoretical data on any subject.
  2. Theoretical analysis. On the basis of data obtained during laboratory tests of the material (living object), built a theory. It includes tentative answers to the questions: "What about the patient? How is the pathological process? What is its status and scope of influence? What measures are appropriate in this case to end?"
  3. Clinical research. required method, which is essential to the existence of all the others. After all, theoretical knowledge appear just on the basis of the results of the clinic of the patient. For this method, you use a number of related metodic:
  • Biokhimicheskie;
  • Himicheskie;
  • Fizicheskie;
  • Gistogematicheskie;
  • Morfologicheskie;
  • Statistical and other.

    physiology is the science about

Only on the basis of material obtained using all methods, the doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe a course of treatment.

Plant Physiology

The science of life (operation) of plant organisms. We are talking about all forms of life from unicellular to higher, including algae. The task of plant physiologists, are as follows:

  • To consider and identify the mechanisms of plants;
  • Create the theoretical basis of the ability to carry out photosynthesis in artificial conditions;
  • Build the model that reflects the essence of the method for obtaining increased yields of important crops.

Of Course, task quite not simple. Because plants, true living organisms, in which every second, as in man, there are hundreds of biochemical reactions. The physiologist should study each of them. Plants breathe, eat, carry out the process of photosynthesis, reproduce, grow and develop - it is a normal activity for all living beings. The study of all these processes is the task of physiologists.

To Solve the problem carry out photosynthesis in artificial conditions - means to give people access to a hugepotential power source. Because then world hunger will disappear, the quality of life will increase significantly. But while completely to solve this problem failed, although many of the issues in the field of photochemical part of the process has been resolved.

Methods of this science

Plant Physiology is closely bordered by the following modern Sciences:

  • Biotechnology;
  • Molecular biology;
  • Genetic engineering;
  • Biophysics;
  • Cell engineering.

Naturally, this is reflected in the ways in which studies of plant organisms. Thus, the methods of plant physiology.

  1. Cultivation.
  2. Methods for light and electron spectroscopie.
  3. Elektrokhimicheskie.
  4. Optico-Akusticheskie.
  5. Khromatograficheskie.
  6. Spektrofotometricheskoe.

Ochevidno that they are based on the measurement of numerical indicators of: productivity, mass gain, development of results of plastic and energy metabolism. That allow to solve these methods? Very important agricultural tasks such as:

  • Plant breeding;
  • Obtain heterotic forms;
  • Introduction;
  • Acclimatization;
  • Variety release;
  • Artificial irrigation;
  • Places of cultivation of plants.

Thus, the physiology of plants is another fundamental biological science that plays an important role in human life.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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