Cannibalization - what is it? The policy of collectivization in the Soviet Union: causes, process and consequences

If to speak simply and briefly, dispossession – a mass confiscation of property from the peasants in the 30-ies of the last century which cost millions of lives and destinies. Now this process is unlawful, his supposed victims compensation.

The Beginning of the dispossession

Dispossession, that is, deprived of peasant-fist of the ability to use the land, confiscation of the instruments of production, by “excess” management, took place in the years of collectivization.

The Beginning could be considered the date of signing (30.01.1930) decisions of the Politburo of the CPSU (b). It has established a procedure and a list of activities for the elimination of kulak households in the regions, where collectivization.

However, the actual dispossession started much earlier. Lenin made statements about the necessity of struggle against wealthy peasants in 1918. It then created special committees that were involved in the confiscation of equipment, land, food.

“Fists”

Politics of dispossession were carried out so roughly that it fell, and prosperous peasants, and quite distant from the prosperity of the population.

Large numbers of farmers suffered from the forced collectivization. Dispossession – is not only a deprivation of its economy. After the ruin of the peasants were sent, under the repression got the whole family, regardless of age. Infants and the elderly also referred to indefinitely in Siberia, the Urals, Kazakhstan. All "kulaks" expected forced labor. By and large, dispossession in the Soviet Union was like a game in which the rules are constantly changing. The settlers had no rights – some responsibilities.

Whom to reckon “fists", decided by the Soviet government without trial. To get rid of that you can from anyone who was not friendly or in conflict with the local authorities.

The worst thing is that disagreeable took those who had made his “excesses” hard work, not involving employees. At first they were called “average” and for some time did not touch. Later they also recorded the enemy of the people with consequences.

Signs of kulak farms

To identify the kulak farms were listed signs (SNK 1929). Among them were the following:

• The Use of hired labor in agricultural work, and other fields.
• The ownership of a peasant mill, oil mill, drying for vegetables and fruits, any other mechanical equipment with an engine.
• Letting all of the above mechanisms.
• Letting of dwelling.
• Occupation, trade, intermediation, receipt of unearned income.

Causes of dispossession

The Reasons for this hard policy of the authorities is very simple. Agriculture has always been a source of food for the country. In addition to this important function, it could help in financing the industrialization process. More difficult to cope with the huge number of small independent agricultural enterprises. It is much easier to manage multiple large. Therefore, in the country, the collectivization started. The stated purpose of the event – undertake socialist transformation in the village. For its successful implementation had been set even a specific time frame. The maximum deadline – 5 years (for non-grain areas).

However, it could not have taken place without dispossession. It provided a Foundation for the creation of collective farms and state farms.

Dispossession – the elimination of more than 350 000 peasant farms, ravaged by the mid-1930s. At a rate of 5–7% of the total number of individual agricultural enterprises, the actual figure was 15–20%.

The Reaction to collectivization of the village

The Collectivization was perceived by villagers in–different. Many did not understand what it can cause and didn't understand really, what is cannibalization. When the peasants came to this violence and tyranny, they organized protests.

Some desperate people destroy themselves its economy and killed the activists, representing the Soviet government. To suppress the rebellious brought the Red Army.

Stalin, realizing that the process could harm its reputation and to turn into a political disaster, wrote an article in «Truth». In it he strongly condemned the violence and blamed local performers. Unfortunately, the article was not aimed at the elimination of injustice, and written for his own rehabilitation. Already by 1934,несмотря на сопротивления крестьян, в колхозы преобразовали 75% индивидуальных хозяйств.

Итоги

Раскулачивание – это процесс, который искалечил судьбы миллионов людей. Очевидцы вспоминают, как отправлялись в ссылку огромные семьи, которые жили вместе целыми поколениями. Иногда они насчитывали до 40 человек и объединяли сыновей, дочерей, внуков и правнуков. Все члены семьи тяжело трудились для развития своего хозяйства. А пришедшая власть отбирала все без остатка. Население страны сократилось за 11 лет на 10 миллионов человек. Это связано с несколькими причинами. В 1932-1933 годах голодали почти 30 миллионов человек. Районы, в которых произрастала пшеница (Кубань, Украина), стали главными пострадавшими. Голод унес по разным оценкам пять–семь миллионов жизней. Многие умирали в ссылке от тяжелой работы, недоедания и холода.

В экономическом плане этот процесс не стал толчком для развития сельского хозяйства. Напротив, итоги раскулачивания были плачевными. Произошло резкое уменьшение поголовья крупного рогатого скота на 30%, количество свиней и овец сократилось в 2 раза. Производство зерна, традиционно важной статьи экспорта России, упало на 10%.

Колхозники относились к общественному имуществу, как к «ничейному». Новые работники трудились спустя рукава, процветали кражи и бесхозяйственность.

На сегодняшний день все пострадавшие от раскулачивания признаны жертвами политических репрессий. Органам местного самоуправления поручено рассматривать и принимать решения по вопросам возмещения ущерба реабилитированным гражданам. Для этого необходимо составить заявление. Согласно российскому законодательству, его могут подать не только сами реабилитируемые граждане, но и члены их семей, общественные организации и доверенные особы.