The Destruction of the communal-tribal relations and the emergence of specialists of narrow industries - that these changes is characterized in the eighth-ninth centuries, the Ancient Rus. Crafts lead to the emergence of cities, separating the part of the population from working on the ground. This is due to the emergence of the first professionals Masters In certain types of craft, which were concentrated in the tribal centres – cities.
To Build the city tried to its geographical position allows you to better engage in trade and at the same time successfully defend against enemies. For example, in the place where two rivers merged, or around the hill. In the cities settled and the authorities. So they were well-guarded. Gradually, with the development of crafts, the city began to represent not just military fortifications, and turned into shopping centers.
In the center of the city has a Kremlin, which settled the Prince. This part obnoxius ramparts and was surrounded by an earthen rampart. In addition, around digs deep moat, which was filled with water. All these precautions were necessary for protection from enemies. Around the outside of the Kremlin were settlements of artisans, the so-called settlement. Was called this part of the city center. In many localities, and this part is surrounded by a defensive wall.
Life in the cities flourished, craftsmen created their products, craft and trade of Ancient Russia were actively developed. By the twelfth century there were over sixty craft specialties. Master specialized in the manufacture of clothing, utensils, tools they needed ancient Rus. Craft of Ancient Russia developed rapidly and rapidly. In the settlements, lived and worked talented professionals in different fields: masters of blacksmithing, jewelry, pottery, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, stone cutters, representatives of other crafts. The hands of these craftsmen created the economic wealth and power of the ancient Russian state, its high material and spiritual culture.
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Pioneers in the industry were blacksmiths. Their business became one of the most important areas, which consisted of crafts of Ancient Rus in 9-12 centuries. This work is mentioned in the national epos and folklore: legends, tales and fairy tales, where the blacksmith is always a model of strength, courage and goodness. In those days iron was made by smelting from bog ore. Extracted it in the offseason, dried and then taken to workshops where, using a special furnace was melted. So it turned out the metal. Modern archaeologists during excavations of ancient cities have often found toxins, which represent the dregs of the process of smelting metals, and strongly-forged pieces of iron masses. Found the remains of blacksmith shops kept the parts of horns and furnaces, near which at one time worked artisans.
With the development of metals production starts a new round of development trade, which previously did not know who lived in subsistence farming country. Craft of Ancient Russia, in particular blacksmithing, had a clear practical orientation. Products made by blacksmiths, were needed by all. They needed warriors who ordered weapons-arrowheads, battle axes, swords, spears, swords – and protective apparel – the chain mail and helmets. Manufacture of weapons reached in Ancient Russia special level of skill, which can be called real art. Unique armor were found in the graves and cemeteries of Kiev, Chernigov and other cities.
Wrought iron tools needed for the farmers: no iron KOs, sickles, openers, chisels it was impossible to imagine the treatment of the land. In any economy required needles, knives, saws, locks, keys and other household items manufactured in the forge of talented craftsmen. The finds in the burials of the blacksmiths showed that even in the grave along with the Smiths went their working tools-hammers and anvils, chisels and tongs.
Historians believe that more than 150 kinds of metal products was known in the eleventh century the Ancient Rus. Craft of Ancient Russia played an important role in the development of trade between the settlements.
The Forging of the master sometimes engaged in light work, creating little masterpieces – jewelry. Gradually zlatokuznechny business became a separate industry. So there was a jewelry craft in Ancient Russia. Russian masters so well mastered the techniques of making jewelry that was left to wonder how they succeeded. Come down to our times artful things - amulets made of bronze, pendants, buckles, earrings and necklaces - striking subtlety of workmanship. Jewelry created in the technique of granulation, while on top of them napevala pattern, which was a lot of metal balls. Another way of making jewelry was filigree. This technique is characterized by the fact that the picture was created by a thin wire, which is napisales on the surface of a metal, the resulting gaps were filled with enamel of different colors. Mastered jewelers and curved casting, and requires a special art technique mobile, when on a black background was placed a pattern of silver plates. To have survived the great productsinlays of gold and silver, iron and copper. Such complex machinery suggests a high level of development of crafts in Ancient Russia. So, by the hands of ancient craftsmen created valuable jewelry is cloisonné enamel. It was a peculiar brand of Russian zlatokuznechny craft. The skill of Russian jewelers was a very difficult technique, and their work has spread around the world and everywhere highly prized and in great demand.
Pottery of Ancient Russia became independent sector a little later a blacksmith. Potter's wheel appeared in our ancestors in the eleventh century. This allowed the ancient craftsmen to create beautiful products. The device of the machine was simple, it was rotated by a foot drive, but the pottery was able to create the potters of the time, affects the skill level to create and a variety of forms. Originally, pottery making was women's business. However, in the manuscript of the literary monuments of the Kievan Rus there are mentions only about the potters-men.
They used for their products, the clay that was treated, wetting with water and is actively flexing. The greatest demand of all the pottery used pots and other vessels, which were made of different size and used for different purposes, they could pour water or to store food, berries. The pots were placed in the oven and cooked food. Such dishes have survived to the present day.
Describing the craft of Ancient Russia 9-12 century, briefly note that the Russian Slavs of pre-Christian period were able to do the chasing, producing ceramics, mastered the art of fine embroidery, were famous for their craftsmanship enamels. To have survived of the work of artists of Kiev. These are unique examples of ivory carving, blackening, engraving on metal. Was famous throughout the world of the ancient masters of glass and tiles.
Mastered the Ancient Rus craft, but the most skillful of them was the processing of wood. This material was built outbuildings, dwellings, gates and bridges, fortresses and walls. Wooden was boats, all household utensils lavishly decorated with wood carving. For anybody not a secret that the main souvenir that embodies the art in Ancient Rus is Russian dolls-brightly painted wooden doll with emptiness inside. Get out of it one after the other, the same beauty, and each slightly smaller than the previous one.
Decorative crafts of the Ancient Russia was famous far beyond its borders. Our ancestors have long been admired throughout the world for its art the art of painting. A variety of patterned motifs in Russian ornamentation led to the emergence of different schools and directions of this craft. Each of them was characterized by its colors and lines.
Bright blue painted with cobalt on a white background of porcelain called Gzhel, which comes from the name of the suburban town where this style originated. It was first mentioned in a Charter of Ivan Kalita. First master was doing the dishes and toys, and later, with the development of production, the range has grown considerably. Popularity of fireplace tiles. Gzhel ceramics became popular around the world. Other paintings of our ancestors had also received names from their places of creation and distribution.
Zhostovo painting - art craft in Ancient Russia, came in the eighteenth century of the suburban village of the same name. Is an oil painting on trays made of metal. It is easy to learn in bright colorful flowers, fruits, birds, located on a dark background. Applied patterns are then covered with a special varnish, so I have this shiny look. The technique of this painting is quite complicated, the image is created in several stages.
A Very cheerful hues delight the eye, so the trays were very popular in Russia and still are a decorative element in many homes and institutions.
From the regional center in Ivanovo region came Palekh miniature. This kind of craft is a painting on lacquerware. Applied over a black background colorful folklore, household, religious scenes adorn the caskets, boxes and other things. It is believed that the Palekh miniature appeared in the fifteenth century, when the rise of cities and trade differed Ancient Rus. The craft originated in different ways. For example, the direction of the ancient craft, as Palekh miniature, created the ancient Russian icon painters. In Palekh lived skilled artists who received invitations from all Russian regions for the application of murals in temples and churches. They began to paint the boxes with all sorts of fabulous and historical subjects. All images were drawn with bright tempera paints over the black background.
The Technology of this craft is quite complex, the process of thumbnail creation time-consuming and multistage. To study and master ittakes a long time, but the result is the usual dark box is transformed into a unique beauty of the thing.
Another type of hand-painted wood – Khokhloma, which appeared over three hundred years ago. Kitchenware and household items, painted, flame-scarlet flowers attract attention with their uniqueness. The patterns unfolding in beautiful patterns, pleasing to the eye and in our days. In creating Khokhloma products have a secret, which is that some varnish, and then tempered in ovens. As a result of firing the coating is yellow, and the products created from wood, seem to be gold plated precious utensils. In addition, the dishes in the result of the processing becomes strong. Its coating allows the use of Khokhloma cups, bowls, spoons by purpose – to store the products for eating.
Splint – another form of folk art representing the crafts of the Ancient Russia. The lesson, it was a stamping on the paper with a wooden cliche. These people's pictures were circulated in fair trade in the seventeenth century and until the beginning of the twentieth century was the most popular and common type of Russian fine art. Subjects displayed a splint, are very diverse: religious and moralizing themes, folk epics and tales, historical and medical facts, which are always accompanied by a small text that might be instructive or humorous and told of the manners and life of his time with the inherent wisdom of the people.
The Skill of our Russian craftsmen we can be proud of. Today their work can be seen not only in museums but also in our own homes. Some types of crafts in Ancient Rus ' were especially popular. For example, throughout our country to this day is found Tula samovar. In the eighteenth century there were more than two hundred different types of these products. In our time in the city of Tula there is a samovar Museum.
Who was the first master, which is so famous for Ancient Rus? Craft, unfortunately, has not preserved the names of their creators. But we say things that reached us from time immemorial. Among them are the unique and rare items and domestic utensils, but each product and feel the skill and experience of ancient craftsmen.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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