Peltier module: specifications

A Thermocouple (Peltier module) works on the principle of reverse action of the thermocouple, the appearance of the temperature difference when an electric current flows.

How does the Peltier element?

Pretty simple to use a Peltier module, the principle of which consists in the allocation or absorption of heat at the moment of contact of different materials while passing current through it. The energy density of the electron flow before contact and after different. If it is less, then it generates heat. When the electrons in the contact are inhibited by the electric field, they transfer kinetic energy to the crystal lattice and heat it up. If they are accelerated, heat is absorbed. This is due to the fact that part of the energy taken from the crystal lattice, and it is cooling.

To a large extent this phenomenon is inherent in semiconductors, due to a large difference of charges.

The Peltier Module, which is the subject of our review, is used when creating the thermoelectric cooling devices (TECs). The simplest of them consists of two semiconductors of p - and n-types, connected through the copper contacts.

If the electrons move from the semiconductor "p" to "n" on the first transition metal jumper they recombine, releasing energy. Following the transition from the semiconductor "p" in the copper conductor is accompanied by a "pulling" electrons through the contact electric field. This process leads to energy absorption and cooling of the area around the contact. Similarly, there are processes in the following passages.

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When the location of the heated and cooled contacts in different parallel planes work practical implementation of the method. Semiconductors made from selenium, bismuth, antimony or tellurium. The Peltier module holds a large number of thermocouples placed between the ceramic plates from nitride or aluminum oxide.

Factors affecting the efficiency of TEM

• Current.
• The Number of thermocouples (up to several hundred).
• Semiconductor.
• Cooling Speed.

Large quantities had not yet been attained due to the low efficiency (5-8 %) and high cost. To TEM has worked successfully, it is necessary to provide effective heat removal from the heated side. This creates difficulties in the practical embodiment of the method. If you change the polarity, the hot and cold sides are swapped.

The advantages and disadvantages of modules

The Need for TEM appeared with the emergence of electronic devices requiring miniature cooling systems. The advantages of the following modules:

• Compact;
• The lack of movable joints;
• Peltier module principle of operation is reversible by changing polarity;
• Easy cascade connection to increase the power.

The Main drawback of the module is low efficiency. This is manifested in the high cost of power for achieving the desired cooling effect. In addition, it has a high cost.

TEM

Peltier module is mainly used for cooling chips and small parts. The Foundation was laid for cooling items of military equipment:

• IC;
• Infrared detectors;
• Features laser;
• Quartz oscillators.

Thermoelectric Peltier module gradually began to be applied in household appliances: the creation of refrigerators, air conditioners, generators, thermostats. Its main purpose is the cooling of small objects.

Cooling

The Main components of computers are constantly being improved, which leads to increased heat dissipation. Together with them develop a cooling system with application of innovative technologies, modern means of control. Peltier module application in this area found primarily in the cooling circuits and other electronic components. With the accelerated acceleration modes microprocessors traditional coolers no longer cope. And increasing the frequency of operation of processors gives you the opportunity to enhance their performance.

Increased fan speed leads to a significant noise. It can be eliminated through the use of the Peltier module in combination with the cooling system. In this way advanced the company quickly mastered the production of effective cooling systems, which were in great demand.

With CPUs usually have a heat cooler. The air flow may be sucked from the outside or come from within the system unit. The main problem is that the temperature is sometimes insufficient for a heat sink. Therefore, TEM was used to cool the flow of air entering the system unit, thereby improving the heat exchange efficiency. Thus, the built-in air conditioning is the assistant to a traditional cooling system of the computer.

On both sides of the module are mounted aluminium radiators. From the cold plate forced air cooling to the processor. After he will take the heat, it blows another fan through the radiator hot plate of the module.

Modern TEM is controlled by an electronic device with a temperature sensor, where the degree of cooling is proportional to the heating of the processor.

The intensification of the cooling of processors also creates some problems.

1. Simple cooling Peltier modules are designed for continuous operation. While reducing energy consumption also reduces heat dissipation, which can cause hypothermia of the crystal and the subsequent hanging of the processor.
2. If the operation of the cooler and the refrigerator will not be properly aligned, the latter may switch to the heating mode instead of cooling. An additional source of heat can cause overheating of the processor.

Thus, for modern processors need advanced cooling technology to control the operation of the modules. Such operation mode changes do not occur with graphics cards, which also require intensive cooling. Therefore TEM is ideal.

Autorefrigerator with your hands

In the middle of last century the domestic industry has tried to develop small-scale production of refrigerators based on Peltier effect. The existing technology of the time did not allow to make it. Now the limiting factor is mainly the high price, but attempts are continuing, and progress here has been achieved.

The widespread production of thermoelectric devices allows you to create your own hands a small refrigerator, convenient to use in cars. It is based on a "sandwich", which is done as follows.

1. Upper radiator cover layer of heat conducting paste type KPT-8 and is attached Peltier module with one side of the ceramic surface.
2. Similar to it is attached the lower side of another cooler intended for placement in a chamber of the refrigerator.
3. All the device tightly compressed and dried for 4-5 hours.
4. On both radiators installed coolers: top is heat, and the lower one to equalize the temperature in the chamber of the refrigerator.

The refrigerator Case is filled with padding inside. It is important that it is tightly closed. You can use a regular plastic tool box.

Power supply 12V is supplied from the vehicle system. It can be done on 220 V AC with power supply. A scheme for converting AC to a constant, we use the most simple. It contains a rectifier bridge and a smoothing capacitor ripple. It is important that they do not exceed the amount of 5 % of the nominal value, otherwise the effectiveness of the device is reduced. The module has two output of the colored wires. Always connect red to plus, black - minus.

Power TEM must correspond to the volume of the box. The first 3 digits marking means the number of pairs of trace elements inside the semiconductor module (49-127). Current strength is expressed by the last two digits of the marking (3 to 15 A). If power is not enough, one should stick to radiators another module.

Please note! If the amperage will exceed the capacity of the element, it will heat up on both sides and quickly fail.

Peltier Module: electric power generator

TEM can be used to generate electricity. For this we need to create a temperature difference between the plates, and located between the thermocouple will generate an electric current.

For practical use of TEM at least 5 V. Then it can be used to charge mobile phone. Due to the low efficiency of the Peltier module will require a boost DC-DC Converter. To build the generator will need:

• 2 Peltier module ТЕС1-12705 with plate size 40 × 40 mm;
• Converter EK-1674;
• Aluminium plates with a thickness of 3 mm;
• A pot for water;
• High-temperature adhesive.

Between the plates are placed two modules on the glue, and then the whole structure is fixed on the bottom of the pan. If it is filled with water and put on fire, get the necessary temperature difference, generating EMF of about 1.5 V. Connecting the modules to the boost Converter can increase the voltage to 5 V required to charge the phone battery.

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