The byronism is... Definition, characteristics and interesting facts

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2018-03-23 10:46:19

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Byronism is a movement in literature, which has influenced many talented writers and poets all over the world. Special popularity it enjoyed among the Russian writers of the NINETEENTH century. Let's learn more about the byronism and its Creator, and explore the most famous Russian writers of this period who were fascinated by this stream.

Who's Byron?

Before you consider what is byronism in the literature (definition and distinctive features of this course), you should know about its founder, a British poet and aristocrat George Gordon Byron. byronism's

The childhood of the future literary idol went in poverty because, despite their noble origin, to the hereditary title and the money the poet had in 10 years, when the death of his distant relative.

While studying at Cambridge University, Byron discovered his talent as a poet and began to write poetry. They were well accepted in literary circles, but the real fame to the author has brought a poem about a bored nobleman “Pilgrimage Childe-Harold». Shortly after its publication Byron's noble melancholy, like a plague spread not only in Britain but throughout Europe. byronism is in the literature

As befits the idol, George Byron lived to the fullest: conquered the hearts of beautiful women, squandered money without counting, openly criticized contemporary political system and fighting duels.

In the fatal tradition of the geniuses, Byron died young-at age 36. Cause of death was the flu, but of greater interest is how the poet fell ill. Despite its popularity, Byron was known more as a theorist, and the author himself wanted to prove that he will be as noble as words. That is why when the Greeks (whose culture writer admired all my life) started a war with the Ottoman Empire for independence, the poet came to their aid. He spent all his money and influence to equip soldiers of the rebels. However, the victory never lived, caught cold and died.

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Byronic hero

Soon after the publication of “Pilgrimage Childe-Harold” in the world literature there was such a thing as “Byronic hero". In fact, Childe Harold was the first representative of this type. byronism in Russian literature

In the future, these characters often met in the works of Russian writers-Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev and, of course, Dostoevsky.

What are the distinctive features of the Byronic hero?

  • He is always very smart, has excellent education and upbringing.
  • Character inherent cynicism and arrogance. He is almost always in opposition to the government – and therefore condemned to share the exile.
  • This character is a kind of sex symbol, able to seduce any. However, the classic Byron's hero is not much joy, and often makes it just so.
  • The main feature of this character is his mystery. In the heart and past of each such character is the secret, which like a magnet attracts everyone, especially women.

Byronism - what is it?

Knowing who Byron and what features has created a type of hero works of art should be considered important. So, let's learn the answer to the question: "Byronism in literature – what is it?"

This is a special period of romanticism of the nineteenth century, whose adherents inherit the tradition of art of Lord Byron. In other words, in the center of any work of this kind is Byronic lyric hero.

Special features of this literary trends

Knowing the answer to the question “a Byronism – what?”, it is necessary to consider the distinctive features of the works written in a similar style.

  • For most adherents consider flow in a work characterized by a mood of disillusion in the world and its social structure.
  • Also important feature of Byronic characters is the so-called world-anguish. As he wrote about Pushkin “Like the English spleen, in short: Russian Blues”.
  • Another feature of the Byronic works is the sense of the protagonist's own different from all others.
  • Despite the veneer of detachment from the world and longing for the adherents of this flow characteristic attempt to offer their characters (and themselves) in the possible role of the Savior of mankind. A kind of embodiment of this ideal for many at the time was Napoleon Bonaparte. By the way, that is why he is in one form or another appears in many works of that time.

Byronism in European literature

After the release of “Pilgrimage…” nearly all the young literary men of Europe were captivated by the beauty of words and ideas of the author.

However, more Mature writers could see what a enthusiastic romance and noble impulses of our Lord were nothing, except for youth extremism and selfish belief in their own uniqueness. But they have often been unable to resist the charms of poetry of the yearning of the British.

The Most famous writers-Baronissi in France is Alphonse de Lamartine, Alfred Victor de Vigny and Alfred de Musset.

Even gravitating to the realism of Victor Hugo shared the desire of the heroes of Byron's freedom and theirwillingness to confront the authorities.

In Italy, the most famous representative of byronism – Giacomo Leopardi, in Germany-Heinrich Heine, Poland-Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz słowacki..

Byronism in Russian literature of the NINETEENTH century

Like other European geniuses, the writers of tsarist Russia were fascinated with the ideas of the British longing of the Lord and were inspired by them when creating your own compositions.

Among the fans of byronism became the most successful authors such as V. Kuchelbecker, A. Polezhaev, Alexander Pushkin. M. Lermontov, A. Griboyedov.

In addition, the impact of this trend can be found in the works of F. Dostoyevsky, I. Turgenev.

Interesting facts about the byronism in the works of Pushkin

Considering in more detail examples of byronism in the works of Russian writers, you should start with the founder of the Russian literary language – Pushkin. byronism examples

Like its companion school years the writer, a future classic was in love with the poetry of Byron. Moreover, according to contemporaries, Alexander the most admired the ability of the British to describe the exotic countries and their inhabitants.

For this reason, in the early Pushkin's poetry ("prisoner", "the fountain of Bakhchisarai”) pretty much felt romantic byronism.

When Alexander grew up as a poet, he became more sober assessment of the work of his idol. So, his famous novel in verse, “Eugene Onegin” became a Russian parody of Childe-Harold.

throughout the works of his Creator mocks the fascination of society with byronism. In particular, the author ridicules the basic tenets of this movement in the image of Onegin: his ‘a noble longing”, lazy, superficial education and the constant pursuit of the forbidden. At the same time the Creator of the novel actively used it such a favourite Byron method - witty remarks of the author in the course of action.

Even in later periods in Pushkin's work was influenced by Byron. The impression that classic to some extent competed with his British counterpart. For example, in response to a poem of the Lord "Mazeppa" Alexander wrote “?”.

In the works of Pushkin and Byron is the history of don Juan. It is interesting that Alexander is known seducer more characteristic features of Byron's character, than the Creator of Childe-Harold.

Byronism in Lermontov's work

Another of the talented Russian poet committed to the considered flow is Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. the byronism of Lermontov

It is possible that his adoration of creativity of the British genius was due to the love of the poet and to the poetry of Pushkin. So, in biographies of writers there is an interesting fact: they both had written poems in the style of byronism - "prisoner".

Fascination with the byronism of Lermontov's developed on the same lines as that of Alexander. Young genius wrote some poems ("Ismail Bey”, “Hadji Abrek”, “novice”), full of admiration Oriental flavor of the Caucasian peoples and the same insatiable longing and disappointment in life.

Growing up, he became also rethink their passion, romantic longing, but, unlike Pushkin, he continued to feel the closeness of his fate with the works of Byron. Perhaps this can be explained by a kind of restlessness Mikhail and his self-destructive behavior that cost him his life. Some scholars of his work believe that the poet did not just seek to emulate his British idol, but unconsciously turned into a kind of Childe-Harold.

As for the later Lermontov, the example of byronism in poetry – “Demon”, but in prose – «Hero of our time”.

The Image of a demon in the eponymous poem was inspired by the author of Lucifer from the works of Byron “Caine”. But the main character «hero of our time" Pechorin – this is the original discovery of Lermontov, endowed with many of its own features.

Byron's motives in the works of Turgenev and Dostoyevsky

In contrast to Lermontov and Pushkin, Turgenev and Dostoevsky, were men of busy time to the aristocratic longing they had. Despite this, and their works have influenced the reporting period. master of the word byronism

For example, the main character of the novel Turgenev's "Fathers and sons" Yevgeny Bazarov – this is a typical Byronic hero, named fashion at the time the word “nihilist". While Turgenev throughout the works are not only masterfully demonstrates his utopian ideas, but once again shows the uselessness of such “heroes of our time” to society. What is the phrase in the final “Fathers and sons” of young Russian students: “…which is filled with Heidelberg, which, surprising at first, the naive German professors by their sober Outlook on things, subsequently astonish those same professors with its sheer inaction and absolute laziness… who cannot distinguish oxygen from nitrogen, but full of denial and self-esteem…”. what is byronism in the literature definition

Went Even further in his criticism of byronism word master Fyodor Dostoevsky. In his landmarkthe novel "Crime and punishment” he brings the images of not one, but several Byronic heroes (Rodion Raskolnikov and Arkady Svidrigailov) which opposes to each other.

Raskolnikov is disappointed in life and finds solace in his "special mission" the salvation of the world. In the end, he goes on a crime that nobody brings anything good.

Svidrigailov is more typical Byronic hero. He's mysterious, rich, smart, cynical and devilishly charming. Toiling from the traditional “longing”, he falls in love with Raskolnikov's sister. In the final he has to realize that her affection will not be able to heal him – so the hero kills himself.

In contrast Svidrigailov, Raskolnikov is unable to achieve anything desired, but in the end, he not only finds a new purpose in life, but the new coach (Sonia), who helps him get on the right path.

The Researchers of Dostoevsky's work I believe that even more hell byronism can be found in the novel “the Brothers Karamazov". Here Fyodor Mikhailovich not only shows a series of Childe-Haroldo with a Russian flavor, but plain text criticizes this worldview is: ‘Love the dreamy craves feat speedy, fast udovletvorenija and all looked at him. There really comes to that, even give their lives, but would not last long, and done as quickly as possible, as if on a stage, and all looked and praised. Love the activity - it is work and endurance, as well as for other, perhaps, a whole science...”.

After such a deep analysis of the foundations of byronism in literature and human psychology, as it did at the time Dostoyevsky, it seemed that this topic should cease to agitate the minds of writers. However, the magic of the noble point is not exhausted to this day.

byronism in poetry it

So the mysterious characters suffer from loneliness and misunderstanding, still are among the most common book characters.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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