Psychological parallelism in the literature: examples

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2018-03-24 17:51:17

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In this article we will consider such literary concept of parallelism psychological. Often this term causes some problems with the interpretation of its meanings and functions. In this article we will try as possible to explain what kind of concept how to apply it in an artistic analysis of the text and what it is worth to pay special attention.

Definition

psychological parallelism

Psychological parallelism in literature – is one of the stylistic devices. Its essence lies in the fact that the plot of the piece is based on the sequential comparison of the motives, nature, relationships, situations, actions. Commonly used in folk poetic texts.

As a rule, consists of 2 parts. In the first depicted the picture of nature, conditional and metaphorical, creating emotional and psychological background. And secondly, there is the image of the hero, whose fortune is matched with the natural. For example: the Falcon – well done, Swan – the bride, cuckoo – the grieving woman or a widow.

History

However, you need to delve into the past, to fully understand what psychological parallelism. The definition in the literature, by the way, usually starts with a small historical reference.

So, if this came to literature from folklore, so it has quite deep roots. Why people came to mind to compare ourselves with animals, plants or natural phenomena? At the heart of this phenomenon are naive syncretic idea that the world has its will. This is confirmed by the pagan beliefs, which provide all the vital phenomena of consciousness. For example, the sun – the eye, the sun appears active and alive.

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Such Parallels, consists of:

  • Integrated similarity of characteristics with the life or action.
  • Correlation of these signs with our understanding of reality, the laws of the surrounding world.
  • Join the various objects that could be similar on the identified characteristics.
  • The values of Life and the completeness of the described object or phenomenon in relation to humanity.

That is initially psychological parallelism was based on a subjective view about the world.

Types

psychological parallelism, the definition of

We Continue to explore the psychological parallelism. The definition we have given, now let's talk about it. There are several different approaches to the study of this stylistic phenomenon and, accordingly, several classifications. We present here the most popular of them - by A. N. Veselovskogo. According to her, psychological concurrency byvaet:

  • Dvorchany;
  • Formalny;
  • Mnogochleny;
  • Odnoclasniki;
  • Otricatelniy.

Concurrency binomial

It is characterized by the following method of construction. First is the image picture of nature, then a description of a similar episode in the life of man. These two episodes seemed to echo each other, although differ in the object content. To understand that they have something in common, according to certain chords, motives. This trait is the hallmark of psychological Parallels from simple repetition.

Example: “When I want to rip rose, we have to wait until spring when I want to love girls need to be sixteen years old" (Spanish folk song).

It Should however be noted that folk concurrency, which is often the case of the binomial, is based mainly on action categories. If it is removed, then all other elements of stylistic figures lose their value. The stability of such structures is provided by 2 factors:

  • To the main striking resemblance added similar details action categories that do not contradict.
  • Comparison like the native speakers, entered into the everyday life of the cult and how long it remained.

If these two are met, concurrency will become the character and acquire caricaturist. However, such a fate awaits not all binomial parallelisms, even built according to the rules.

Formal concurrency

psychological parallelism in literature is a

There Are times when the psychological parallelism is not immediately clear for its comprehension it is necessary to hear the whole text. For example: one of the folk songs starts with the line “the river Flows, will you rise up" then comes the description of the bride, where the wedding had many guests, but none can bless, as she was an orphan; therefore, a family resemblance – the river does not stir, and the bride sits sad and silent.

Here you can talk about default, not about the lack of similarity. A stylistic device is complicated, difficult understanding of the work itself, but the structure acquires great beauty and poetry.

Polynomial parallelism

The Concept of “psychological parallelism", despite its apparent complexity, is quite simple. Another thing, when we talk about the varieties of this stylistic device. Although as a polynomial of parallelism, usually finding it is not a problem.

This subspecies is characterized by a unilateral accumulation of several Parallels that come simultaneously from multiple objects. That istakes a single character and compares at once with several images. For example: “Not lastica, pigeon, dove, not vivica, grass, blade of grass, not svecica, well done, with the girl”. That is, before the reader three object to compare.

the concept of psychological parallelism

Such a unilateral increase of the images suggests that the parallelism gradually evolved, which gave the poet great freedom of writing and the opportunity to develop their analytical skills.

That is why polynomial parallelism is called a relatively recent phenomenon of folk style.

Odnoclasniki concurrency

Odnoclasniki psychological parallelism is aimed at the development of imagery and the strengthening of its role in the work. Looks like this technique is as follows. Imagine the usual binomial structure, where the first part refers to the stars and the month, and secondly, they are compared to a bride and groom. Now remove the second part, leaving only the images of stars and months. The content of the work, the reader will guess that we are talking about young people, but in the text reference to them will not.

This silence like a formal parallelism, but unlike here it will not be mentioned about the characters-the people in mind. So here we can talk about the appearance of the symbol. For centuries in folklore appeared well-established allegorical images, which are identified with only one value. Such images are used in oznacenom concurrency.

what is the function of comparison of adjectives and metaphors of psychological parallelism

For Example, Falcon identified with the young men, the bridegroom. And often in the works describes how a Falcon fights with another bird like him kidnapped, as he leads to the altar sokolich. There's no mention of the people, but we are clear that we are talking about human relationships between a boy and a girl.

Concurrency negative

Begin to describe the latter, which may be psychological parallelism (examples in article). Negative designs of our stylistic device commonly used to create puzzles. For example: “Roars, and not a bull, strong as a rock”.

To build this design in the following way. First, you create the usual binomial or polynomial parallelism, and then removed from it, characterized by the image and added denial. For example, instead of "bellows" - "roars, and not a bull».

In Slavic folklore, this technique enjoyed great popularity and love. So it can be seen not only in puzzles but also in songs, tales, etc. he Later migrated in the authentic literature, being used mainly in fairy tales and stylistic attempts to recreate folk poetry.

With the conceptual point of view, the negative parallelism as would distort the very formula of parallelism, which was created for the convergence of images and not for their separation.

Folklore in literature author

When the psychological parallelism of folk poetry are moved in classic literature?

psychological parallelism examples

It Happened in the days of the vagrants, wandering musicians. Unlike their predecessors, they have graduated from a classical music and poetry school, so I learned the basic literary devices a picture of a man who was characterized by a great abstraction. They were few specifics and connection with reality. At the same time as the roving musicians, they were quite well familiar with the folklore. Therefore began to introduce elements in his poetry. Some comparisons with natural phenomena of a character, for example winter and autumn, it is with sadness and summer and spring fun. Of course, their experiences were quite primitive and far from perfect, but they marked the beginning of a new style, which later migrated to medieval literature.

In the 12th century gradually began to weave folk-song techniques with the classical tradition.

What is the function of comparisons, epithets and metaphors psychological parallelism?

To start is to say that without metaphors and epithets would not and the parallelism, since this technique completely relies on them.

Both of these pathways are used to carry the sign of one subject to another. Actually, at this functions shows that without them it is impossible the comparison of nature with man. Figurative language-the main tool of the writer when creating parallelisms. And if we are talking about the functions of these tropes, it is in the transfer characteristics.

The Basic concepts (psychological concurrency) are associated with descriptions, so it is not surprising that the most important place among them occupy metaphors and epithets. For example, take the epithet “for you” and make him the concurrency. We have as the sun had set, and rolled clear of the Falcon. That is, the extinction of the sun is compared to the extinction of life of young men.

Psychological parallelism «lay»

psychological parallelism in the word about Igor's regiment

A Perfect example of folk stylistic devices can serve as a “Word”, as it is itself a part of folklore. For example, take the main character Yaroslavna, as her image is linkedwith nature and often compared with it. Take the episode of the weeping heroine. One of these days, she “at the dawn of the lonely tap-dance calling” - parallelism between Kiev and poultry.

You can Then recall the image of the narrator. His fingers across the strings, and compares with ten falcons, kapustinskiy doves.

Another example: the retreat of Galich to don is described as “not a storm falcons Senese using the wide field”. Here we see a sample of negative parallelism.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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