Mating horses: types, preparation, timing. Breeding and reproduction of horses

For the successful conduct of any livestock industry, including horse breeding, an important indicator is the reproduction of livestock. From a properly conducted mating horses depends the success of the economy, whether private stable or stud. Taking into account all possible factors that can affect the final result – obtaining progeny.

Breeding

The Question of methods of animal breeding in zootechnical science – one of the main. Depending on the set in front of the selectors purpose use different options. When breeding and reproduction of horses to take into account the species, breed, line, accessory animals. Methods:

1. Purebred breeding. The ability of individuals to bravely bring distinctive rock properties to later generations – a very important biological feature. Improve and preserve the breed – the main purpose of pure breeding, where reproduction used by animals of the same breed.
2. Crossing.

Crossing may be reproduced, goal – the new breed. Use two (simple reproductive crossing) or more (complex reproductive crossing) of the source rocks. Complex, long and risky (it is difficult to predict the result) method helped bring hundreds of new breeds of agricultural animals. A vivid example of the complex reproductive crossing is Orlov Trotter breed.

Absorption crossing aims to improve the local livestock. Local mares croutes manufacturer with the required characteristics. Individuals of the first generation again covered with males improves the breed, and so on until the fifth generation (after the fifth animals considered pure breed and usually bred “yourself”). Efficient and inclusive method allows for 4-5 generations to significantly improve the performance of livestock.

Allocate industrial crossbreeding. The purpose – using the phenomenon of heterosis. Use two types:

• Easy – with two species; the resulting hybrids more in reproduction are used;
• Sophisticated, first-generation hybrids lies the third representative of the breed, increasing heterosis.

Both practice in the work of butcher and horse breeding.

Aim variable crossing – to make maximum use of the advantages of first-generation hybrids. Essentially similar to industrial crossbreeding. The part of uterus remains for future use. Crossbred uterus with ½ or ¼ lobes blood crossed with a purebred producer of the original rock. Thus, it is possible to maintain heterosis over several generations. Three-pedigree AC crossing sometimes ends with the development of new breeds, the French breeders have obtained the Norman horse.

Introductory crossbreeding aims: to impart basic breed any quality, without changing the type and the characteristics improve breed. Thus “adjusted” many modern breeds of animals. A vivid example, Orlov trotters, in whose veins can be found the blood of the English thoroughbred and Arabian breeds.

There are Still hybridization. Purpose – the new breeds, the restoration of lost species. There are two kinds of mating horses and donkeys. A pair of stallion + mule mules gives small and stubborn like my mom, not very hardy. From a pair of donkey + Mare born mules – docile and quite large in the mother, low-maintenance and hardy – the Pope.

Zoohygiene

There are several methods of mating horses

• Manual;
• Markova;
• Lemon;
• Artificial insemination.

Each of these options has its advantages and disadvantages. At different way of keeping horses choose the most appropriate method.

The allowed mating horses younger than 3 years. Every year in stud farms all the animals are tested for infectious diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases (posedel).

The successful holding of the mating of horses affected by the following factors:

• Terms of feeding and housing (the malnourished and sick animals are excluded from the breeding company);
• The factory is considered the best condition for mating, too well-fed mares may not come to hunt;
• The time of mating; ovulation usually takes place at night, so the best time of insemination early in the morning;
• Age; young healthy body is better ready to the nurturing of healthy offspring.

The season for mating of horses depends on the method of content. In herd horse breeding in the wild breeding period is mainly from early spring (March) until mid-summer (July). In the court of the stable content of the practice earlier – January-February. Winter foals stronger and by the time the pasture they are ready to nibble the grass.

Selection of animals

Picking up a pair for mating, take into account the many nuances. In purebred breeding is important not only as species indicators, but also the origin of the animal. Closely related inbreeding (matingclose relatives) are rarely used. In thoroughbred horse breeding has its own line of stayers and sprinters, the selection and control of this parameter.

Be Sure to pay attention to the size of the animals. The uterus may be larger than the manufacturer, but it is impossible to cover heavy draft stallion horse Mare. In private small farms often to improve livestock covered thoroughbred stallion breed mares. Purebred young stock when it is born, use it for breeding impossible.

Usually in a matched pair, both partners have the same pedigree records or they are better than the stallion. The stronger, physically healthier tribal manufacturer, the more chances to get his good foals.

Hunting

Croutes mares when they come into the hunt. The cycle repeats every 16-24 days. The duration can vary from 2 days to 12 or more. After vegerable female may come to hunt 3-5 days. To understand when the horse is ready to coition, and help monitor her behavior. Signs hunting:

• In the beginning of the cycle, the animal begins to show concern, especially in the presence of males (no matter - gelding or stallion);
• External sex organs increase somewhat, sometimes visible muscle contraction of the vulva;
• From the genital slit mucus, its consistency depends on the day of shooting;
• When approaching the male, the Mare takes a characteristic pose and is able to urinate.

Not all mares can be seen hunting, there are animals in which it occurs covertly. In order not to miss any moment of the mating, use of “probes”. When communication becomes immediately clear whether the Mare to fend for themselves manufacturer. Cover starts from day one, as long as the female begins ‘recapture" of the stallion.

After the mating the Mare to check ‘test’. If up to 30 days, she shows no desire, then it is considered gereby. To confirm carry out rectal examination to 32 days after mating. In case of appearance of signs of hunting Mare happen again. Lengthy hunting may indicate possible diseases of the reproductive system of the animal. Note that is about hunting, Zareba when the Mare shows the signs.

Manual mounting

Manual mating of thoroughbred horses - one of the most popular and easiest ways of insemination of mares. Probability of fertilization is up to 95 %. Given the fact that people had direct control over the insemination process, it is very important to follow a few simple rules:

1. Playpen for mating equip with a short hitching post in the corner of the room. A horse holding the horse will be in a safe area, and the female will receive additional emphasis for the chest.
2. Place the AI should be quiet the presence of strangers is unacceptable.
3. Safer to display the manufacturer on the two cords to the two grooms. This will help to control the position of the stallion on the Mare and not allow him to jump on it side.
4. Bandage the Mare's tail. This will protect the penis of a stallion from damage and contamination, facilitate the process of mating.
5. Before mating stallion rusk. Shoes it can cause injury to the Mare.
6. The Mare put slusnou harness. So she will not be able to strike the manufacturer of the hind legs.

The arena output prepared horse, and then bring the stallion. Until a good erection and hold it, not allowing to jump on the Mare. At the time of jumping cordami control the position of the male on the female, causing it to approach it clearly from behind. After jumping off it, if necessary, one of the grooms directs the horse penis into the vagina. Coitus lasts not more than 12-15 seconds. After mating the stallion into the stall, and the Mare paced for about five minutes.

One stallion in a day, you can cover two mares. The gap between the cages should be at least 10 hours. Mares covered in 36 hours. Load per manufacturer ranges from 15 to 40 goals, it all depends on the age and physical condition of the male.

Markova mating

Markova mating horses used in the herd content. It includes several stages:

• In the herd selected group of mares in the hunt and placed in a separate corral – brews;
• To selected mares selected a stallion, it released them into the corral;
• He finds ready to mate mares and cover them,
• The process lasts for several days.
• After completion of mating the stallion returned to the stables, and mares in the herd.

The Load on the stud defines livestock, based on their age, physical and physiological state. This method provides the opportunity to cover valuable stud mares from different herds. The manufacturer is not exposed to as much danger as if he was constantly in the herd. Usually thoroughbred stallions are of great value and not accustomed to herd content.

Kosyachny mating

Kosyachny mating horses does not require human intervention. The herd is divided into several schools of no more than 20 mares. To each group assign one stallion that is kept in the herd.

Experienced manufacturer himself.defines the Mare in the hunt and conceals it. Accurate selection of the best time for mating ensures a high percentage pregnancy rate of mares. Mating takes place in conditions close to natural. The leader protects his little herd. Among the mares has its own hierarchy. There's an alpha-female, she directs the movement of the group and determines the place for grazing.

With this method, it is impossible to control pregnancy females. Only after vegerable becomes clear how successful was the breeding season. On the other hand, those born in the herd foals and healthier, are better suited to herd content. Process called "socialization" of young animals occurs in a natural way with minimal losses. Manufacturers, who grew up outside of the herd, can't be good kosyachny stallions.

Artificial insemination

For artificial insemination "personal presence" of the person of a male is not required, only need the sperm. There are several options for its use:

1. Fresh, almost nothing processed. The Mare must be in the same room as the stallion. To transport sperm to impossible.
2. Chilled, retains its viability up to 30 hours (and up to 48 hours after insertion into the uterus). It can be transported in specially equipped containers, maintain a constant temperature.
3. Frozen semen can be stored for a long period of time. In the Dewar can be transported to the neighbouring continents. Before using sperm thawed, checked for quality and then use.

The process Itself takes little time. It boils down to the fact that the specialist using the appropriate equipment introduces into the uterus of a Mare early collected sperm from the desired stallion.

Artificial insemination of horses is widely used by all breeders of the world. This method has a number of advantages:

• Absolute human control over the mating process;
• Dilution of semen can conserve valuable seed material producers;
• Of one dose of semen is enough to impregnate up to 200 mares, under natural conditions, is physically impossible;
• There is no risk of spread of sexually transmitted infections;
• Fertilization of the eggs is almost 100%;
• The offspring of a specific stallion get, regardless of its location;
• From the same manufacturer, you can obtain a greater number of offspring.

Had the opportunity over the years to preserve the sperm. In many countries banks are established to save seed of the best producers of the breed.

Reproduction in nature

In the wild, the natural mating of horses occurs in herds, without any interference or control on the part of man. Animals live in small groups, usually one stallion account for up to 10-12 mares. By their appearance and smell, the male identifies a female that is ready to mate. He persistently courting her and fertilizes until it begins to repel. Mares are not allowed stallion, until they turn two years old.

Animal Observation shows that the male is capable of simultaneously courting several females. Mating happens more than once a day. The stallion must be physically strong and hardy. In addition to their direct paternal responsibilities, he still manages to fend off the attempt on his "harem" from other stallions.

In the wild the strongest survive, so there is always wishing to buy Mustangs for household needs. They are hardy, with good health, fairly large, have the ability to develop a high speed. Tamed Mustangs are often participate in various competitions.