Drilling is a type of machining materials. The technology of drilling. Equipment for drilling

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2020-03-19 18:20:20

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Drilling is one of the types of machining material cutting. This method uses a special cutting tool is a drill. It can be used to make a hole of different diameter and depth. In addition, there is the possibility of creating a multi-faceted holes with different cross-section.

Assignment operation

Drilling - this is required if you want to get a hole in a metal workpiece. This files most often for drilling is some of the following reasons:

  • You want to create a hole for threading, countersinking, reaming or boring;
  • You need to place in the holes of the electrical cables, fasteners, threading through them, anchor bolts, etc.;
  • The separation of the workpieces;
  • Weaken collapsing structures;
  • Depending on the hole diameter, it can even be used to lay explosives, for example, in the extraction of natural stone.

The list goes on and on, but it is already possible to conclude that the drilling operation is one of the most simple and at the same time is quite necessary and common things.

drilling it

Supplies

Naturally, for the process of drilling must have a drill. Depending on this consumable will change the hole diameter and the number of its faces. They may be of circular cross-section, and can be multi-faceted - triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, etc.

In addition, drilling is an operation in which the drill will be heated to high temperatures. For this reason, it is necessary to accurately find the quality of this item based on the requirements of the material with which you have to work.

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  • A Fairly common material for the production of devices for drilling carbon steel. The elements of this group are marked as follows: U8, U9, U10, etc. the Main purpose of such consumables is drilling holes in wood, plastic, soft metals.
  • Next comes the drill, is made of low alloy steel. They are intended for drilling the same materials as the carbon, but the difference lies in the fact that this brand of items increased the value of the heat resistance to 250 degrees Celsius, as well as an increased drilling speed.

metal drilling

Improved drill bit

There are several types of drills that are designed for more high-quality materials

  • The First type of drills made from high speed steel. Heat resistance of these consumables is much higher and 650 degrees Celsius, and they are intended for drilling of any structural materials in unhardened condition.
  • The Next group drill with hard alloys. Used to make holes in any structural non-hardened steels, as well as in non-ferrous metal. Feature is what is used for drilling at higher speeds. For this reason, heat resistance is raised to 950 degrees Celsius.
  • Some of the most persistent elements of the drill with the CBN. Apply to work with cast iron, steels, glass, ceramics, non-ferrous metals.
  • The Last group is a drill with a diamond. Used for drilling most hard materials, glass, ceramics.

speed of drilling

Types of machine tools for drilling

For the drilling operation can be used the following types of drilling machines:

  • Vertical and horizontal drilling unit. Drilling holes for these machines - main operation.
  • Used vertical and horizontal boring machines type. Drilling is considered to be ancillary operations for these devices.
  • Vertical, horizontal and universal type milling machines. For these units also is a secondary drilling operation.
  • Turning and turning and backing machines. In the first type of device, the drill bit is the fixed part and rotating the workpiece itself. For the second type of device is not the main drilling operation and the drill bit is a fixed element as in the first case.

vertical drilling

This is all types of drilling machines which can carry out all the required operations.

Hand tools and ancillary operations

To facilitate the drilling process, it uses a few auxiliary operations. These include the following:

  • Cooling. When drilling use a variety of lubricating-cooling substances. These include, for example, water, emulsions, oleic acid. Can also be used for gaseous substances, for example carbon dioxide.
  • Ultrasound. Ultrasonic vibration which produces a drill is used to increase the performance of the process, as well as to enhance chip breakage.
  • Heated. To improve drilling metal with high density, it is pre-heated.
  • A Shot. For some surfaces, such as concrete, it is necessary to use a percussive-rotary movement, to increase performance.

drilling machine

This procedure not only on the machines in the automatic mode, but on manual equipment. Manual drillinginvolves the use of tools such as:

  • Mechanical drill. For drilling the mechanical strength of the person.
  • Electric drill. Can carry conventional and percussive-rotary drilling. Works from the mains.

Types of treatments and cooling

There are several basic types of drilling equipment is a cylindrical hole, multifaceted or oval, as well as reaming existing cylindrical holes to increase their diameter.

The Main problem that arises in the process of drilling metal is strong heating of the consumable item, i.e. drills, and also places of work. The material temperature can reach 100 degrees Celsius and more. If it comes to specific values, you may experience burning or melting. It is important to note that many of the steels used for the production of drill bits, lose their hardness when heated, causing the friction will only increase, so, unfortunately, will wear out faster.

technology of drilling

In order to combat this drawback, use different refrigerant. Most often when vertical drilling machine has the ability to organize the supply of coolant directly to the place of work. If it is carried out with the use of hand held devices, after a certain period of time, you must interrupt the process and dip the drill bit in the liquid.

The Essence of the hole drilling

The Technology of drilling is the process of the formation of grooves by removing shavings in solid material by using the cutting tool. This element performs rotational and translational or rotational-translational movement simultaneously, which forms a hole.

The Use of this type of material processing is used for:

  • To irresponsible hole with a low degree of accuracy and roughness class, used for securing bolts, rivets, etc.;
  • Get the holes for the threading, deployment, etc.

Options processing

Using the process of deep drilling or reaming to get the holes, which will be the 10th or 11th degree of tolerance of surface roughness. If you want to get a better quality hole, after finishing the processing it is necessary to additionally sinkerball and deploy it.

In order to increase the accuracy, in some cases, you can resort to careful adjustment of the machine, correctly sharpened consumable item. Also used the way in which work is carried out through a special device that increases accuracy. This device is called a conductor. There is also a division drills in some classes. There are spiral straight fluted, feather, or used for deep hole drilling, and drills.

Description of the design of the drill

Most use a regular twist drill bit. Special are used much less.

Helical element is a two-pronged cutting part, which includes only two basic parts, a shank and a working part.

If we talk about the working part, it can be divided into cylindrical and calibrated. On the first part of the drill has two spiral grooves opposite each other. The main purpose of this part is the chip that stands out during operation. It is important to note that the grooves have the correct profile, which ensures proper formation of the cutting edges of the drill. In addition, created and required space that is needed for chip removal from the hole.

Technology drilling

It is important to know a few certain rules. It is very important to form grooves, and the angle between the direction of the drill axis and tangent to the belt was such as to ensure easy chip removal, while not weakening the cross-section of the teeth. However, it is worth noting that this technology, especially numeric values, will vary markedly depending on the diameter of the drill. The fact is that the increase of tilt angle leads to a weakening of the action of the drill. This drawback is stronger, the smaller the diameter of the element. For this reason, it is necessary to adjust the angle under the drill. The smaller the drill the smaller the angle, and Vice versa. A common angle is from 18 to 45 degrees. If we are talking about drilling steel, use a drill with an angle of 18 degrees to 30 degrees. If the holes are made in fragile materials, such as brass or bronze, the angle is reduced to 22-25 degrees.

The Principles of work

It is important to start with the fact that depending on the material of tool will change and cutting speed. For example:

  • If the drilling is carried out with the use of elements made of tool steel, the minimum speed is 25 m/min and a maximum of 35 m/min.
  • If the mechanical processing is carried out drills belonging to the category of high speed, the minimum speed of 12 m/min and a maximum of 18 m/min.
  • If you use their drill carbide materials values equal to 50 m/min and 70 m/min.

It is important to note that the technology involves drilling speed selection procedure depending on the diameter of the element andlow flow (with increasing diameter and increasing speed).

A Characteristic feature of the work is the use of the standard angle for drill, which is equal to 118 degrees. If you want to work with raw materials, which is characterized by high hardness alloy, the angle needs to be increased to 135 degrees.

Safety drills

One of the important tasks in conducting this type of machining is that the need to preserve the cutting properties of the consumable. The safety of these options depends on which method of operation has been selected and if he was to this material. For example, in order to eliminate breakage of the drill in the passage, it is necessary to greatly reduce the flow at the time of withdrawal of the drill from the hole.

Special attention to the technology of drilling should be given in situations where hole depth exceeds the length of the screw groove of the consumable. At the time of entry of the drill shavings will still be formed, but during the release it will be gone. Because of this, the drill bits break very often. If no way out there, it is necessary to withdraw the drill bit, and manually clear it from unnecessary elements, i.e. chips.

Core bits for drilling

To make a hole in a coating, it is necessary to use crowns. However, they also need to choose correctly, based on certain parameters. Currently uses three main types of material for creating crowns is a diamond, wins and carbide-tungsten. Feature of the diamond crown was the fact that it has a hammerless drilling. In this case, it is more correct geometry of the hole.

crowns for drilling

The Main advantages of diamond nozzles was as follows: cutting of reinforced materials, low noise and dust, no violations of construction structure, as the technology does not use the impact force.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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