International specialization of labor

The World economy requires the harmonious development of each country. This is the key to welfare and well-being of each person. Historically, that different areas produce certain types of products. This allows them to exchange their surplus production to deficit for goods produced by other countries. So there is a transfer of resources on the planet.

International A specialization of labor is a form of development of world economies, which in certain areas is the differentiation and the allocation of individual processes, sub-sectors and industries.

General concept

International division of labor – specialty individual States in creating certain types of services, goods and technologies that are in demand by the world community.

In the process of development of trade relations between the two countries has developed three logical varieties of forms within this process. These include General, individual and private division of labor. In the first case, there is industry specialization. It is performed at the production areas and economic sectors of the country.

Private division of labour occurs with the development of specialization in specific types of products or services. A single form of the presented process is a predominant production of individual parts, components, or nodes. It is considered one of the most promising directions of development.

The States participating in the international division of labor may receive greater economic benefit to meet their needs in tangible and intangible benefits.

Historical development

Initially, specialization international level, it was purely interdisciplinary in nature. The exchange occurred between one of the main sector (industry) and another (agriculture). This process was typical for the 70-80-ies of the XIX century.

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Knowing this, try Explain how the division of labor and specialization acquired its current appearance. It is not difficult, if you delve into historical processes. Gradually the offset of specialisation occurred towards intra-industry exchange. A big shift occurred in the 30-ies of the last century. At this time the exchange was made between one significant industry (e.g. mechanical engineering) and another (e.g. chemical production).

In 70-80 years of the twentieth century, the priority was given intra-industry specialization. Scientific and technological progress determined the peculiarities of the trade. Especially large spread of technological and per unit specialization. In developed market economies such products in export is at least 40 %.

Indicators of level of development

International specialization of labor is determined by several key indicators. The most common of these is the factor of development of international division of labor. It shows the weight of a country in world trade, which is compared with the share of this state in the national income of countries. If the index exceeds 1, this indicates a high (comparable to the average value) the country's participation in global exchange processes.

To evaluate the involvement of the international specialization of production have used a system of indicators. These include the coefficient of relative specialization of industrial production. It is obtained by mapping the specific weight of each item in foreign trade.

Also the indicators include the ratio of the specific weight of the country in the international trade of components and parts. Further on the export quota and the nomenclature (assortment) of imported and exported goods.

Division of countries into groups

With the first half of the twentieth century can be traced, As a division of labor and specialization of activities was influenced by the status of each state. The result was the division of the world into 3 distinct groups. The first one includes countries specializing in the production of products with the manufacturing industry. The second group was assigned the state, a major part of exports which was the mining industry. At the same time, emerged a group of countries that have specialized in the cultivation of agricultural products.

Currently stands, and the fourth group. It includes countries that supply the world market with products of all three groups. It is the developed countries, such as USA, England, France, Canada, etc.

Specialization of groups of countries

Thanks to the established relations in the global market is the number of countries with a particular focus export. Their A division of labor, specialization of production has allowed these States to supply high-tech equipment, machines, machinery, appliances and chemical components. For example, airplanes produced and sold in the U.S., France, Germany, Italy, and high end vehicles – Japan, Sweden, Germany, USA, etc.

The Second group includes States in which being a powerful exploitation of the mineral resources. These countries are minimally processed such materials. These include oil-producing areas of Africa, Middle East, etc., Various minerals (coal, ore, gold, etc.) sell Sweden, Canada, Australia.

The third group of countries which sell on world market especially for agricultural products, were the countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Such products can supply to the world market and developed countries, such as Canada, Western Europe, Australia, etc.

Purpose of specialization

The Stable development can ensure international Specialization. Productivity each country may increase by concentrating resources in all possible directions producing different products. Thus it is possible to achieve high quality products, which specializiruetsya state.

These processes prevent the occurrence of a single-crop economy. Each country creates its own specific economic complex, activity. However, a positive effect is possible only in economically developed countries. Developing the national economy, on the contrary, in these conditions, slipping into a narrow specialization, monotonous focus.

In this regard, the international specialization should encourage developing countries to establish a diversified economic structure. The leadership of these countries must choose the optimal ratio of production sectors. Though these settings are in reality difficult to achieve.

The Factors of

The Concept of specialization of labor is formed with the participation of a number of factors. In the first place it is influenced by existing and projected commissioning of production capacity, the quantity and quality of labour resources and their development.

The Second factor affecting the development of specialization, the level of national income. Also included are processes of accumulation and consumption in the economy of the state.

The Following factor are considered to be climatic conditions, soil, minerals. Taken into account the current economic context, their possible development. The more favorable factors is determined in a particular state, the balanced his participation in the specialization and division of labor at the international level.

Specialization of the Modern world

The global specialization of labor was the result of many changes in industrial and agricultural activities of the international community. The main issues that decided the world production in the last few decades, has become the pursuit of increasing profits, reducing expenses, finding cheap labor.

All of these factors led to the creation of productions with high-tech production cycles. They offer the consumer in the global market competition, quality products. These industries are considered major carriers of the world of specialization.

Each state is known for its areas in the creation of new goods and services.

Specialization of countries in the world

Modern A specialization of labor was determined in the last few years. It highlighted a number of key suppliers of various high-tech equipment, products and services on the world market.

Today, the main suppliers of cars, trucks is the USA "GM", "Chrysler" in Germany – «Volkswagen», «Opel" France – “Reno», «Peugeot», in England – ‘rolls Royce" etc.

Japan took the leading position in the engineering industry of the world level. She is known for such brands as ‘Mitsubishi’, «Toyota». Almost all of these countries are the leaders in sales of electronic equipment. This demonstrates the high influence of transnational companies on the structure of global production. A Specialization of labor they also subject to.