Agriculture in Kazakhstan: industry, problems, development. Agriculture of South Kazakhstan

Agriculture of Kazakhstan – is one of the most developed sectors of the economy of the state. In each of the individual regions, conditions favour the cultivation of certain crops. Special attention is paid to animal husbandry.

Geography and climate

The Territory of Kazakhstan is located both in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, the Caspian and Aral seas. The continental climate causes the cold with little snow winter and hot dry summer.

About half of the country – deserts and semi-deserts. On the West side have mountain ranges. With regard to water resources, there is scarcity, due to geographical location. Sources of life-giving water are seven large rivers, as well as 13 large reservoirs. Speaking about the vegetation, it should be noted that is dominated by steppe plants such as feather grass, sagebrush and shrubs, resistant to drought. Green Alpine meadows occur in the highlands. As for forests, they occupy 5,4 % of the territory and concentrated mainly in the North and the South.

Perhaps the greatest value to agriculture have soils. A significant proportion of falls on the black soil, chestnut and brown soils. Also, there are sierozem and brown soils.

How to develop industry

The Development of agriculture in Kazakhstan, it is advisable to consider starting with the 50-ies. Due to the economic crisis by the Soviet authorities, it was decided on expanding the acreage. Then in Kazakhstan and some other republics actively developed virgin lands. It should be noted that it was necessary to develop those areas that were characterized by low moisture and prone to erosion.

it is Worth noting that the development of virgin lands led to a record grain harvest. At the same time, the negative consequence was a sharp decrease in grazing area. To prevent a crisis of animal husbandry, specialized farms were obliged to increase the number of livestock. The Soviet period agriculture was also marked by the reform of the machine and tractor stations.

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In the 60-80 years have seen the most intensive development of agriculture. Cooperative property was completely transformed into a state that allowed to strengthen control over cash flows. This led to the fact that many farmers chose to leave the village. The government made a decision to involve specialists from other republics, as well as the involvement of the Express military.

Currently, almost all agricultural land are in private hands. And, as in the late 70-ies, there is the problem of providing the population with meat and dairy products, indicating the need for reform.

Industry Characteristics

Agriculture of Kazakhstan is characterized by the following features:

• A marked zonation (horizontal and vertical) of soil cover;
• More than half of all land suitable for processing, is observed in arid and semiarid zones;
• 85% of agricultural land reserved for pasture (about 189 million hectares);
• Kazakhstan is among the ten largest exporters of wheat and flour;
• The largest share of crops accounted for grains, fruit, oilseeds, and cotton;
• Kazakhstan is traditionally well developed livestock industry, production of leather and wool.

The Place of agriculture in the economy of Kazakhstan

Agriculture is one of the fundamental sectors of the state economy. It should be noted that it annually brings in 38 % of their gross national income. This sector employs about 16 % of the workforce of the state. This is due to the high level of mechanization and automation. It is worth noting that the country has more than 31 000 agricultural enterprises, and also about 32 000 households.

It is Worth noting that agriculture ranks second in the world in the production of crops with increased 967 kilograms per capita (leadership positions belong to Canada, where the figure is 1 168 kg). This is the only post-Soviet republics, which is engaged in the export of grain. However, the yield and productivity of such sectors as animal husbandry in Kazakhstan is quite low (how ironic). According to this indicator the country ranks 142 in the world.

Agriculture of Kazakhstan

The Agricultural sector – this is the strongest mechanism, which ensures not only the internal resources of the state, but also its position in the external market. Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan is traditionally represented by two main sectors:

• Animal – it develops in areas such as the breeding of cattle (dairy and meat production), sheep, horses, camels, pigs and goats. A significant share of the poultry farm. A separate, though small niche is breeding and commercial fishingfish.
• Crop – it is the basis of agriculture of Kazakhstan. The greatest proportion of spring wheat, which is sold not only in domestic but also in foreign market. Also worth noting is the prevalence of crops such as rice, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet and corn. Significant acreage designated for sugar beet and oilseeds (sunflower, rapeseed). For textile industry grown cotton and flax. It is also worth noting crops such as potatoes, apples, melons and grapes.

Agriculture in South Kazakhstan

It is Worth noting the diversity of natural and climatic conditions in the country. Thus, the agriculture of the South Kazakhstan operates in conditions of high air temperature in the foothill zone. With good organization of irrigation here, it is possible to achieve high performance for the collection of cotton, rice, sugar beet and tobacco. It is also worth noting that this is the most favorable place for the development of horticulture and viticulture.

Features of agriculture in the Western part of Kazakhstan

The Agriculture of West Kazakhstan is represented mainly by animal husbandry, due to the large areas of pastures and meadows. The highest proportion in the breeding of sheep, horses and camels. If we talk about the crops, more than 70 % of arable land allotted for wheat. The rest of the area is occupied by barley, millet and rye.

Agriculture in Northern Kazakhstan

Agriculture of Northern Kazakhstan is rapidly developing under the influence of favorable climatic conditions. Here, the most developed dairy and meat cattle breeding, and also breeding birds. The main industry is sheep farming. Agricultural fields are occupied by crops of cotton and grain crops. Also here very favourable conditions for growing vegetables, fruits, and melons.

Features of agriculture of East Kazakhstan

The Agriculture of East Kazakhstan is represented mainly rainfed agriculture. The largest land area occupied by crops of sunflower. In the valleys there are considerable fields of wheat, oats, peas, and vegetable crops. Also worth noting is the rapid development of dairy farming. In some areas of development of irrigated viticulture. Also, much attention is paid to the breeding of pigs and horses. West Kazakhstan has a developed apiculture, fur trade and beekeeping.

Public policy in agriculture

The Development of agriculture in Kazakhstan is carried out with the support of the authorities. Government regulation and reform aimed at implementing the following main ideas:

• Increasing business activity of rural population and increasing their welfare;
• Ensuring residents of rural electricity, gas, drinking water and other vital resources;
• Construction and major repair of roads in rural areas;
• Modernization of telecommunication systems;
• Strengthening health care in rural areas (construction or repair of hospitals, engaging relevant experts);
• Education reform in schools and other educational institutions;
• Provide the rural population access to cultural and sports programs;
• Increase the level of safety in the villages by increasing the number of police stations, as well as parts of the Ministry of emergency situations;
• Ensure environmental safety in rural areas;
• Development of policy mechanisms in the field of internal migration with the aim of reducing the outflow of population from agricultural regions.

Problems of development of industry

There are three basic problems of agriculture of Kazakhstan:

• Lack of tax payments to the budget, which is due to the difficulties of transition from the old state forms to the modern farmer;
• Insufficient number of financial investments in the industry;
• The sorry state of the dairy industry (the most vivid illustration of the problem is the forced purchase of products in neighboring Kyrgyzstan);
• The need to increase the number of livestock to increase meat export to neighboring countries;
• The lack of premises for storage of the crop (square silos should be extended at least twice, to ensure the safety of crops);
• Migration to the city in connection with insufficient development of villages (a population that is working in the agricultural sector, mainly has the relevant education and qualification);
• The growth of imports of agricultural products;
• Outdated material and technical base;
• Insufficient level of development of local science in the field of agriculture.

Insights

Based On the foregoing we can conclude about the presence of some stagnation in such an industry as agriculture. Briefly, the situation can be described as inefficient and incomplete use of natural and humanresources, and inadequate funding of the agricultural sector. Climate and natural resources of Kazakhstan contribute to the development of livestock and cultivation of crops. Thanks to the policy of development of virgin lands, which was carried out in the Soviet period, noted the presence of large areas of arable land that provides Kazakhstan leading positions on the world grain market.

It is Worth noting the crucial importance of agriculture for the economy of Kazakhstan. This industry accounts for almost 40 % of the national income of the state. Given that in this sector employ less than 20% of the economically active population, it is possible to speak about the high level of automation. Despite the issues with yields, the country managed to reach second place in the world among exporters of grain. It is the only Republic of the former Soviet Union, which has the ability to sell abroad for bread.

Despite the fact that agriculture has a fundamental role in the economy of Kazakhstan, it has some problems. One of the main difficulties – it's incomplete transition to a modern farm form, which is difficult to control the payment of taxes. Also worth noting is the lack of investment in the industry. The greatest stagnation is observed in the dairy industry, leading to the forced import of these products to meet consumer demand. Another key issue that requires immediate solutions – it is the lack of premises for storage of the harvested crop.