The production of solar cells: technology and equipment

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2020-04-29 21:20:26

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Humanity tends to switch to alternative sources of electric supply that will help to keep the environment clean and to reduce the cost of energy production. Manufacturing solar panels is a modern industrial method. The power supply system includes the receivers of sunlight, batteries, monitoring devices, inverters and other appliances designed for specific functions.

A Solar panel is the main element, which begins with the accumulation and transformation of energy rays. In the modern world for the consumer when choosing panels there are many pitfalls as the industry provides a large number of products, United under one name.

solar battery

Silicon solar panels

These products are popular with today's consumers. The basis of their fabrication on silicon. Its reserves are in the depths of widespread, production is relatively inexpensive. Silicon cells differ by the level of performance from other batteries of sunlight.

Kinds of elements

The Production of solar cells from silicon is of the following types:

  • Single-crystal;
  • Polycrystalline;
  • Amorphous.

The above are Different forms of devices how link silicon atoms in the crystal. The main difference between elements is a different indicator of the efficiency of conversion of light energy that the first two types is about the same level and higher than for devices made of amorphous silicon.

Industry today offers several models of solar light traps. The difference between them lies in how the equipment is used for the production of solar panels. Plays the role of the manufacturing techniques and the kind of the starting material.

Single crystal type

These elements are composed of silicone cells connected to each other. According to the method of the scientist Czochralski produced an absolutely pure silicon from which single crystals. The next process is cutting the solidified and semi-solidified plates with a thickness of 250 to 300 microns. Thin layers saturate with metal mesh electrodes. Despite the high cost of production, such elements are used quite extensively because of the high rate of conversion (17-22%).

technology of production of solar panels

Fabrication of polycrystalline elements

The Technology of producing solar cells from polycrystalline materials is that the molten silicon mass is gradually cooled. Production does not require expensive equipment, therefore, the cost of obtaining silicon is reduced. Polycrystalline solar drives have a smaller coefficient of efficiency (11-18%), in contrast to the single crystal. This is because in the process of cooling the mass of granular silicon is saturated with tiny bubbles, which leads to additional refraction.

Features of amorphous silicon

Product refers to a special type, since they belong to the silicon mind comes from the name of the material used and the production of solar cells is performed according to the technology of film devices. The crystal in the manufacturing process gives way to the silicon hydrogen or silon, a thin layer which covers the substrate. Batteries have the lowest efficiency value, for a maximum of 6%. Elements, despite a significant disadvantage, have a number of advantages that give them the right to stand in a row with the above types:

  • The value of the absorption optics above two dozen times than monocrystalline and polycrystalline drives;
  • Has a minimum layer thickness of only 1 µm;
  • Cloudy weather does not affect the transformation of light, in contrast to other types;
  • Due to the high rate of bending strength without any problems used in difficult places.

The above Three types of solar inverters are complemented by hybrid products made of materials with dual properties. Such characteristics are achieved if the amorphous silicon includes trace minerals or nanoparticles. The resulting material is similar to polycrystalline silicon, but compares favorably with new technical indicators.

Raw materials for the production of solar film of CdTe

The Choice of material is dictated by the need to reduce the cost of manufacture and improving the performance of the work. The most commonly used light-absorbing cadmium telluride. In the 70-ies of the last century, CdTe is considered a major contender forspace use in the modern industry, it has found wide application in the energy of the sunlight.

production solar

This material is classified as cumulative poisons, so there is no end to the debate on the question of its harmfulness. Scientific studies have established the fact that the level of harmful substances released into the atmosphere is acceptable and does not harm the environment. The level of efficiency is only 11%, but the cost of electric power converted from such elements is lower by 20-30% than that of the devices of the silicon type.

Drives rays of selenium, copper and India

The Semiconductors in the device are copper, selenium and indium, which may be the latest replacement for gallium. This is due to the high demand of indium for the production of monitors are the flat type. Therefore, this option of replacement, since the materials have similar properties. But for efficiency replacement plays a significant role in the production of solar panels without gallium increases the efficiency of the machine by 14%.

Solar collectors on polymer-based

These elements relate to the young technology as they recently appeared on the market. Organic semiconductors absorb light to convert it into electrical energy. Used for the production of fullerenes carbon group, a Polyphenylene, copper phthalocyanine, etc. the result is a thin (100 nm) and a flexible film, in which the work efficiency is 5-7%. The magnitude is small, but the production of flexible solar panels has several positive aspects:

  • To make not spent large funds;
  • The ability to install a flexible battery bends, where elasticity is of paramount importance;
  • The comparative ease and affordability of installation;
  • Flexible batteries have no harmful effect on the environment.

Chemical etching in the manufacturing process

The Most expensive in the solar battery is multicrystalline or single-crystal plate of silicon. For the most efficient use of silicon cut pseudoquaternion shape, this shape allows tightly lay a plate in the future module. After the cutting process on the surface are microscopic layers of broken surface, which are removed using etching and texturing to improve the reception of the incident rays.

production and installation of solar panels

Processed in a similar way the surface is scattered microporosity reflected from the verge of which the light strikes the lateral surface of the other protrusions. The procedure of loosening the texture reduces the reflectivity of the material by approximately 25%. In the etching process used a series of acid and alkaline treatments, but it is unacceptable to reduce the thickness of the layer, since the plate does not hold the next processing.

Semiconductors in solar cells

The Technology of production of solar cells suggests that the basic concept of solid electronics is the p-n junction. If a single plate to combine electronic conductivity of n-type and p-type conductivity is p-type, then at the point of contact due to p-n junction. The main physical characteristic of this definition is to serve as a barrier and to pass electricity in one direction. This effect allows to establish full operation of the solar cell.

As a result of the phosphorus diffusion at the ends of the plate is formed a layer of n-type, which is based at the cell surface at a depth of 0.5 microns. The production of solar panels involves shallow penetration of carriers of opposite signs that occur under the action of light. Their way into the zone of influence of the p-n junction should be short, otherwise they are unable to repay each other, it does not generate any amount of electricity.

Using plasma-chemical etching

The design of the solar cell provided in the front surface with the prescribed lattice to capture the current and back side, which is a continuous contact. While the phenomenon of diffusion of an electric circuit between two planes and is transmitted to the end.

equipment for the solar

To delete a circuit, the equipment is used for solar panels, do it using plasma, chemical or mechanical etching, laser way. Frequently used method of plasma-chemical effects. The etching is performed simultaneously for a stack of stacked plates of silicon. The outcome of the process depends on the duration of the treatment, the composition, the size of the squares of the material, the direction of the jets of the ion flow andother factors.

Applying anti-reflection coatings

By applying textures on the surface of the reflection element decreases to 11%. This means that one tenth of the rays are simply reflected from the surface and does not participate in the formation of electricity. To reduce such losses on the front side of the element coated with deep penetration of light pulses, reflecting them back. Scientists, taking into account the laws of optics determine the composition and thickness of the layer, so the manufacture and installation of solar panels with such a coating reduces the reflection to 2%.

Contact metallization on the front side

The surface of the element is designed to absorb the greatest amount of radiation, that this requirement determines the dimension and technical characteristics of the applied metal mesh. Choosing the design of the front side, the engineers solve two opposite problems. The reduction in optical loss occurs at the more subtle lines and the location of those at a great distance from one another. Production of solar batteries with increased mesh sizes leads to the fact that part of charges not time to reach and contact is lost.

Therefore, scientists are standardized the distance value and line thickness for each metal. Too thin strips of open space on the surface of the element to absorb rays, but do not conduct a strong current. Modern methods of deposition of metallization consists in screen printing. As the material pays off the most silver-containing paste. Due to its use of efficiency of the element is raised to 15-17%.

the production of solar panels at home

The Metallization on the back side of the device

A deposition of metal on the back side of the device there are two schemes, each of which does its own work. A continuous thin layer over the entire surface, except for some holes, sprayed aluminum, and the holes filled silver-containing paste, which plays a contact role. Solid aluminum layer serves as a mirror device from the back side to free charges, which can get lost in the dangling ties of the crystal lattice. With such a coating is 2% more power work solar panels. Consumer reviews say that these items are more durable and do not so much depend on the cloudy weather.

Manufacturer of solar panels with your own hands

Sources of power from the sun not everyone can order and install at home, as their value today is quite large. So many artists and craftsmen mastered the production of solar panels at home.

To Buy the complete sets of solar cells for self-Assembly can be on the Internet on various websites. The cost depends on the number of used plates and power. For example, a small power sets, from 63 to 76 W with 36 plates are 2350-2560 rubles. respectively. Here acquire items rejected from production lines for any reason.

When choosing the type of the photoelectric Converter take into account the fact that polycrystalline cells more resistant to cloudy weather and work with it more effectively monocrystalline, but have a shorter lifetime. Monocrystalline have higher efficiencies in solar weather, and they will last much longer.

To organize the production of solar panels at home, you need to calculate the total load of all appliances that will be powered by future of the transducer, and to determine the power of the device. Hence the number of solar cells, while taking into account the angle of the panel. Some masters provide for changes in provisions cumulative the plane depending on the height of the solstice, and in winter the thickness of snow.

production of flexible solar panels

For the construction of the hull using various materials. Often put aluminum or stainless parts, used plywood, particle Board etc. the Transparent part is performed with organic or ordinary glass. There are solar cells with already soldered wires that are buying is preferable, as it simplifies the task of Assembly. The plates are not stacked one on another, the lower can give cracks. Solder and flux are applied previously. Soldering the elements, placing them directly on the working side. At the extreme end of the plate welded to the tire (wider conductors), then output "minus" and "plus".

After the work done, test the panel and seal. Foreign masters to do this, use compounds, but for our craftsmen, they are quite expensive. Homemade transducers sealed with silicone, and the back cover lacquer based on acrylic.

In conclusion, we should say that the opinions of the artists that made solar panels with your own hands, always positive. Once spending money on fabrication and installation of the Converter family is very quickly pays for itself and starts saving using free energy.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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