What is a cantata-genre or individual work? And to what sphere of human creativity it is? Literature? Music? Often confused with the cantata the oratorio, the Sonata or the Madrigal. In this article we will look at when originated the genre and how it developed. Note known examples of cantatas, examine the purely ecclesiastical works, the aesthetic design of the sermon, she became independent, musical, performed in the Philharmonic. And of course, we will devote some attention to the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach, who raised them to the highest level of development.
Historical roots of the genre must be sought in the middle ages. In the poetry of the troubadours practiced the execution of the recitative verses accompanied by music. The recitation was intended to deal with serious themes – historical events, spiritual reflection. Later the text, performed solo, was sung. In fact, the genre was developed in Italy in the late XVI century. Even the name carries a Romanesque origin: the verb "cantare” means “singing”. During the High Renaissance it was primarily a piece of music. But what is a cantata and how it differs from a simple song? First, a solemn and serious subject of the verse. Secondly, the text had previously been of secondary importance compared to music, at least at first. But because the poems were still, and the cantata began to distinguish from sonatas – simple instrumental compositions.
Like any creation of human genius, cantata steadily improved. At first, the genre of music included only one vocal number performed solo. This work became known as Madrigal. With the first half of the XVII century on the development of the genre very influenced by Opera. The definition of what a cantata has become more complicated. The composition of musical works began to include a few solo numbers, as well as arias, recitatives, duets, chorus, and orchestral accompaniment. Deep content the serious nature of the text and music remained a constant feature of the genre. Therefore, the cantata was never performed in theatres. This work requires neither scenery nor costumes. It also has no role. This cantata is significantly different from the Opera, while the orchestra was the protagonist of all the action.
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At the Council of Trent, held in the sixteenth century, Church officials decided to strengthen the aesthetic side of worship services to attract the faithful. Over time Gregorian choir-choir singers who performed the works without musical accompaniment, – changed the body. His music began to be formed oratorio – from the Latin word "orare", which means “pray”. These works were designed to emotionally underline the text of the sermon of the priest or read passages from the Bible. Since, as G. F. Handel wrote the oratorio concert, the musical works began to be written on secular themes.I should say that the cantata has also been involved in the aesthetic design of Catholic and Protestant worship. Because their contents could be both secular and spiritual. So what is an oratorio and cantata, what are their main difference? It is not easy to determine. We can say that in the oratorio solo arias are often tied to the roles that its overall performance is more dramatic. The cantata also prevails lyrical element, and the Aria is not tied to any specific person.
The development of the genre was influenced by Carissimi, and some researchers are even inclined to consider him the Creator of this syncretic art form that connects musical performance and a poem. But those who brought the cantata to a completely different level, was Johann Sebastian Bach. He combined poetic and musical components in harmony with each other. The texts of his cantatas, Bach drew from the works of 16th-18th century. The spiritual heritage of German poetry such long period include the Protestant Orthodoxy, and Franciscan mysticism, and pietism, and even of the secular motifs of the Baroque era. What is a cantata in Bach's works? It is a complex vocal and instrumental work consisting of several parts, each of which has its own rhythm, pace and tact. Brilliant composer wrote the music for these compositions without departing from the sacred texts. We do not understand, for example, "St. Matthew Passion" if you do not read the text of the arias. At the same time, music allows us to reimagine the biblical tale, deeper to feel it.
We already considered that this cantata in music. But since it was originally a syncretic form of creativity, it is easy to assume that someday it will begin to perform without musical accompaniment. The seriousness of the subject matter and the exaltation of the events and hero brought together the beauty of poetry with an ode. As a literary work, it looks like a Madrigal or a Eulogy. Often a cantata, wrote “case” - the ascent to the throne, or the anniversary of important events. The literature also observed the development of this genre. So, the category of “the court of poetry” cantata moved on to more easy forms. Sometimes she even takes on the features of love poetry (recall Pushkin's "Leda"). But, however, mainstream reserves the cantata serious and pathetic subjects. Cantatas, Glazunov wrote to the centenary of the birth of Pushkin, Balakirev – the opening of the monument to Glinka. In the era of Stalin's Empire, this genre was also very popular. So, N. Y. Myaskovsky wrote the cantata "Kirov with us” the death of a politician.
Thus, this term has several meanings. The music is as a genre, and a work written in this vein. Cantata close to the oratorio, it involves orchestra, chorus, soloists. It is a large, complex product consisting of several parts with different rhythms. As for literature, the cantata – it is a poem written for the solemn occasion. Just like the poem, it consists of several parts. But the theme of the cantata is not a narrative, and praising.
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PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/21694-co-to-jest-kantata-w-r-nych-dziedzinach-dzia-alno-ci.html
PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/21698-o-que-uma-cantata-em-diferentes-reas-de-opera-o.html
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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