All living organisms have chromosomes? In all mammalian cells have these structures? How many chromosomes of a particular organism? Geneticists are engaged in the study of such issues. For many such questions the answers have been received. Data on the number, size and shape of the chromosomes is increasingly used in other biological Sciences. In particular in the taxonomy.
What is a chromosome? If we consider the eukaryotic cell under high magnification, when the normal state is the “brick” of the body, we will not see any chromosomopathy structures. They are formed just before cell division, and immediately after the reproduction of the dense structure disappear as if dissolved. Chromosomes necessary for uniform distribution of information material between daughter cells. They are formed by DNA and proteins, which support a dense structure of chromosome.
Each chromosome has a different size and shape. One type of organisms is characterized by a certain set of chromosomes. Different individuals of the same species is always the same amount of data information structures, these structures have a size and shape common to a specific type.
Thus, the karyotype-this is the appearance of chromosomes and number of individuals of the same species. Unlike the genome, the karyotype does not include specific characteristics of individuals, but only the appearance of chromosome structures. Signs of karyotype systematical help properly distribute the organisms by taxonomic group.
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Each kind of organism has a specific chromosome number. This applies to all eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule, which upon cell division doubles as well, and without the formation of chromosomal structures distributed over the daughter cells.
The Number of chromosomes is extremely different from various members of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. For example, humans somatic cells have 46 chromosomes. It is a diploid set. In germ cells 23 of the structure. How many chromosomes in dogs? Their number is simply impossible to guess for every body. The karyotype of the dog consists of 78 chromosomes. How in this case the chromosomes of the wolf? Here there is a similarity in the karyotype. Because all the wolves – relatives of each other and the domestic dog. Nearly all wolves also have 78 chromosomes in the somatic cells. The exception is the red wolf and Bush dog.
How many chromosomes in dogs in germ cells? In the germ cells always have two fewer chromosomes than the somatic. Because they are distributed equally between daughter cells during meiosis.
Canines are, in addition to dogs and wolves, and even foxes. The karyotype of the dog 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are foxes? Taxonomy of the genus foxes are very heterogeneous in the number of chromosomes. At the red Fox there are 38 of them. Sandy – 40. The Bengal – 60.
Erythrocytes-red blood cells that serve as carriers of oxygen. How are they? Mature erythrocytes must contain a large amount of hemoglobin. That's why they don't have many organelles, including chromosomes, as there does in the kernel.
However, there are blood dogs, as in human blood, reticulocytes - immature red blood cells. There are only 1-2 per cent of the total number of red blood cells. Reticulocytes contain ribosomal RNA, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complex. But after a day or a day and a half transformirovalsya the reticulocytes into Mature erythrocytes that do not contain DNA, and, consequently, the chromosome structure.
Animal Species are very diverse in the karyotype. Moreover, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of cells of various animals is not dependent on the complexity of organization of living beings. For example, in somatic cell frogs have 26 chromosomes. Chimpanzee – 48 that is slightly larger than a human. Have homemade chicken – 78 structures. This is the same as the chromosomes in dogs. Have a carp of 104, and lampreys-jawless vertebrate – 174.
The Karyotype of plant forms are also extremely diverse. Soft wheat with a hexaploid set of chromosomes – 42 information structures, rye – 14, corn – 20. Tomatoes are in every cell of 24 chromosomes, just as Fig. The artichoke – 102.
There are in the plant Kingdom an absolute record for the number of chromosomes. This fern.
In the cage of this ancient plant counted about 1200 chromosomes. Many such structures have horsetail: 216.
Thus, all eukaryotic cells except red blood cells, there are chromosomes. Depending on the species of animal or plant changes and quantitative composition of chromosomes, and their size and shape. It is because the chromosomes are of different sizes, the amount of datastructures so different. The smaller the structures, the likely amount they will be great.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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