In the era of Peter's reforms, much has changed in Russia. The intensity of activity of people gave rise to qualitatively new approaches to the perception of what is happening. Changed picture of the world, there was a tendency of development in the society of another culture. It gradually supplanted the Church and the feudal system that prevailed in the state for centuries. The country needed the thinker, capable of expressing the content of the changes. They became Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich. Philosophy this thinker considered the issues relating to the importance of Russia from the very beginning of formation of the state. His works always emphasis on the limitations and relevance of national history, a remake of the eras of reforms. What was the Philosophy of the University? Essay on a topic is often written by the students. We will consider this question.
Lomonosov, the ideas of philosophy played a significant role in the development of a new perception of the world, was a scholar, thinker, poet, public figure. Undoubtedly, this man holds a special place in Russian and foreign history. It is his concepts were built all Philosophy of the Russian enlightenment. Lomonosov, Radishchev And several other figures were formulated advanced theories, systems of beliefs, generating hope for the improvement of the world picture. It, in turn, is achieved by human energy and intelligence. Philosophy of Lomonosov and Radishchev Based on the materiality and the reality of the world.
What was Russian philosophy of the 18th century? Lomonosov had an efficient, high patriotism. On that line drew the attention of absolutely everyone who in one degree or another, interacted with the scientists. Love and respect to their native places peculiar to any Russian person. But the thinker is particularly pronounced. Every person in varying degrees, interact with the culture of his era. The individual learns her acts in it, enriches it. Philosophy of Lomonosov, briefly speaking, is promoting the concept of the inexhaustible possibilities of the country. The thinker saw and felt the immense power of the people. All this creates in him a boundless love of country, desire to contribute to its prosperity. All of these feelings reflects Russian philosophy. Lomonosov were distinguished by a profound faith in the people and the country.
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The assimilation was not easy for the University. This was due to the fact that in the XVIII century culture wore transition. This period was the process of displacement of medieval culture. In the first third of the century it was approaching its climax. But on the outskirts of the state, especially in the Pomeranian North remained areas in which dominated the medieval tradition. As one of them were old believers. Philosophy of Lomonosov, briefly speaking, was based on the fact that the perfection of man must go through devout prayer, fasting, meditation, and cognition of the world, regularities that are present in it. The main purpose of the conception of the thinker was to maintain the prosperity of the country through the development of culture.
In the research activities of Lomonosov saw the Foundation of education. Praising the works of Peter, he was talking about what science did the Great ruler. Many have spoken out against the large number of students. Objecting to them, Lomonosov called a number of areas which need scientists people. In particular, he spoke about the importance of the development of Siberia, the Northern sea route. Was needed learned people and in the mining, military, commercial business, in factories, in agriculture. Philosophy of Lomonosov has been implemented not only in educational and organizational activities. It can be called the first science popularizer in the country.
Contribution of University philosophy is huge. Of particular importance in his estimation, there are numerous works of scientist. So, in "the Word about the benefits of chemistry" the scientist excitedly talks about the phenomena of nature, for studies which require knowledge of this discipline. From this work began its development Lomonosov's corpuscular philosophy. The scientist pointed out the close connection of chemistry, mathematics and physics. Lomonosov describes the process of knowledge of the properties of the initial particles that make up the body. In very simple terms it tells about the importance and necessity of chemistry knowledge in the study of odours, of tastes, colors, medicine, Pharmacopoeia, analysis of the physical characteristics of substances, etc., Lomonosov clarifies the application of science in the fine arts, technology, crafts. Clearly and simply, he introduces people to the achievements of his epoch and in other "Words". All these works were read in the Academy of Sciences at public meetings.
Philosophy of Lomonosov Was influenced by the progressive ideas of his predecessors. They went down in history as the "learned Druzhina". They were treated Feofan Prokopovich (Bishop of Novgorod), Antioch Cantemir (poet-writer) and V. N. Tatischev (historian, famous statesman). These people were widely educated, were ardent opponents of stagnationand obscurantism. Prokopovich taught philosophy at the Kiev Academy, then engaged in the natural Sciences. Kantemir translated the book of Fontela refuting the biblical approach to the formation of the Universe. They all supported the Petrine reforms, advocated the development of the fleet and industry, defended the importance of disseminating scientific knowledge. The "learned Druzhina" has always been at the center of political life.
In civic thinker dominated the pathos of approval. His social ideal was eminently democratic. Takes into account not only the interests of the privileged classes, but the lower classes-the common people. For example, Sumarokov adhered to the position that it is necessary to educate in the first place, "sons of the Fatherland" – of the nobility. And then they are putting the national favor to the fore, they themselves will care about the rest of the layers. Philosophy of Lomonosov fundamentally rejected this approach. Thinker were against the recognition of cultural and social inferiority of the common people. Educating the entire population about the necessity and importance of which talked all the time Lomonosov, was for him the most urgent and ambitious task. Needed as soon as possible to bring his thoughts to life.
Philosophy of Lomonosov did not reject her, but the attitude to it was pretty cool. Historians do not exclude that this is due to his own "peasant" origin. Over him, by the way, all the time ironically Sumarokov. The people certainly loved wicked and witty, and the jokes. But they were used for leisure and not work. Almost all poets of the 18th century their work was not only spiritual-biographical fact, but an activity of national importance. This attitude to their work demanded of them time. Lomonosov made lyrics and ODA as its main genre, a critical element of civil beginning, is inseparable at the beginning of the century from the state. This is an outstanding merit of the thinker and manifested his exceptional independence as a poet.
As we have already mentioned, Lomonosov was characteristic of a deep love for their country and people. He tirelessly defended the interests of ordinary people. Throughout his life he sought to benefit his state. Lomonosov was not engaged divorced from reality, far-fetched problems. He tried to link science and the needs of the developing industry and the entire national economic complex. In understanding social problems Lomonosov was an idealist. In some of his works he tells us only about minor causes of the plight of the population. Thus scientists are not concerned with the main core aspect – the nature of economic relations in the country. Lomonosov did not seek to rebel against the system, he advocated humane treatment of serfs, improving their lives. Negative evaluation gives the thinker the clergy. He speaks of it as the hotbed of ridiculous superstitions. Clerics contributed to the increase in infant mortality, conducting a baptism in the winter in cold water, believing that the warm water is unclean. The priests set post, from which due to changes in the diet killed many people. In the works of Lomonosov and tells about the dangers of marriages between people with big age difference, which are under direct orders of the landlords. The scientist expresses thoughts about the "living dead". So he calls serfs, who escape from the soldiers ' kits and landlord oppression. However, in saying this, Lomonosov limited by the Council to alleviate the burden of people.
Lomonosov considered the most important omission is the lack of healthcare in the country. Special attention he paid to the misery of obstetric care. The lack of timely care leads to high mortality among the population. Lomonosov offered to print and send in different regions of the country books on medicine, to build pharmacies, to spread knowledge among the people. So he sought to eradicate the harmful activities of the various sorcerers, healers, only "Omnogovi disease their the whispering". To ensure greater efficiency in the fight against diseases Lomonosov was proposed to establish in the country "medical science", to keep in all cities, the necessary number of doctors to send to foreign universities more students for doctoral education.
The Best form of government for the University was the monarchical power of an enlightened person. The image of the autocrat Peter the First. Lomonosov with great respect and treated him. His reforms Peter tried to do away with the backwardness of the state and to find new ways of its development. The nascent capitalist relations was contrary to the age-old device of the feudal country. The activity of Peter, aimed to support new course development has been very progressive.
The Views of this figure are traces of the influence of various European concepts. Radishchev argued that the existence of things depends on their knowledge. In his epistemological views, as the basis of science is the experience. In a world where nothing exists except the corporeal,a special place is the people. It is also a material man, like all nature. A person performs specific tasks, it represents the highest form of physicality. However, between him and nature, a close relation. One of the obvious differences between man and other creatures, according to Radishcheva, is the presence of mind. However, the most important symptom of an individual is its ability to perform moral actions and their evaluation. People – the only creature on the planet that knows what is good and evil. The special properties of the individual Radischev calls the ability to improve or corrupt. As a moralist, a thinker did not accept the concept of "reasonable egoism". He believed that not self-love acts as the source of moral feelings. Radischev has always championed ideas about natural human nature. However, he did not share the opposition of society and environment proposed by Rousseau. Radishchev perceived social being as well as natural. Thinker defended the concept of a normal life, considering the injustice that prevails in society, disease. In his famous "Treatise" Radishchev explored metaphysical issues. However, he remained loyal to naturalistic humanism, pointing to the inseparability of the spiritual and the natural principles in man. His position cannot be called atheistic. Rather, it acts as an agnostic that is in the common ideas of his world view.
The contribution of the University in the philosophy's merits were appreciated not only by posterity but also by his contemporaries. His restless and inquisitive thought forced the worker to become a pioneer in various scientific fields. The dynamics of transitions, the encyclopedic nature of the scientist was largely due to the Patriotic aspirations. They based his educational work. She, in turn, focused on the improvement of the situation in the Academy of Sciences, as well as the development of national education. Lomonosov did not notice any negative sides in the activities of Peter. Reform of the monarch was for him the maximum, above which his social aspirations did not stretch. His Patriotic task Lomonosov seen to effectively contribute to the completion of the Petrine reforms. His work has always been closely tied to the most pressing needs of the state, with its cultural and industrial development. All his work was aimed at the prosperity of the country. the Historical significance of the scientist that he has always insisted on the wide spread of education in the state. Lomonosov advocated the active involvement of ordinary people in science. From his own experience he showed what a capable man for the prosperity of their Fatherland.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
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