The main reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire

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2018-03-23 18:09:26

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The events of 1453 left a lasting impression in the memory of contemporaries. The fall of Byzantium became headline news for the peoples of Europe. One is called sadness, others-Schadenfreude. But indifferent was not.

Whatever the reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire, this event had enormous consequences for many European and Asian countries. However, the reasons should talk more.

Development of the Byzantine Empire after the restoration

the fall of the Byzantine Empire causes

In 1261, there was a restoration of the Byzantine Empire. However, the state no longer claimed to be former power. The ruler was Michael the Eighth Palaeologus. Possession of his Empire was limited to the following areas:

  • North-Western part of Asia Minor;
  • Thrace;
  • Macedonia
  • Part of the Morea;
  • Several Islands in the Aegean sea.

After the looting and destruction of Constantinople fell its importance as a commercial center. All power was in the hands of the Venetians and the Genoese. They were engaged in trade in the Aegean and Black seas.

Restored Byzantium has become a set of provinces which were also divided into separate districts. They have lost between the economic and political relationship.

So, the feudal lords of Asia Minor began to voluntarily enter into contracts with the Turkish emirs, nobles fought for power with the ruling dynasty of the palaeologi. No wonder one of the reasons for the fall of Byzantium became feudal strife. They disrupted the political life of the state, weakened it.

Was Not the best situation in the economic sphere. In later years traced the regression. It is expressed in the return to subsistence farming and labor rent. The population is impoverished and could not pay the same taxes. The bureaucratic apparatus remained the same.

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If asked to name the reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire, we should also remember about the escalation of social relations inside the country.

Wave of urban movements

The aggravation of social relations led by such factors as the decline of industry, the collapse of commercial relations and navigation. All this has led to the impoverishment of the urban population. Many residents had no means of livelihood.

The reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire lie in the rapid urban movements that had occurred in the forties of the fourteenth century. Vividly they were in Adrianapolis, Heraclea, Thessaloniki. Events in Thessaloniki led to the temporary proclamation of the independent Republic. It was created according to the type of the Venetian States.

The reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire also lie in the reluctance of the major powers of Western Europe to support Constantinople. The governments of the Italian States, the kings of France and England, the Emperor Manuel the Second spoke, but he only promised.

Delay death

causes of the fall of the Byzantine Empire

The Turks had won victory after victory. In 1371 they showed themselves on the river Maritsa, and in 1389 – at the Kosovo field, in 1396 – under Nikopol. No European state wanted to get in the way of the strongest troops.

In the 6th grade cause of the fall of Byzantium called the power of the Turkish army, which sent his forces against Constantinople. Indeed, Sultan Bayezid the First didn't even try to hide their plans to capture Byzantium. Nevertheless, Manuel the Second there was hope for the salvation of the state. He learned about it while in Paris. Connected the hope was to “Angora disaster”. This should learn more.

The Turks were faced with a force that could withstand them. We are talking about the invasion of Timur (some sources Tamerlane). He created a huge Empire. In 1402 the army under his command marched to Asia Minor. The Turkish army was not inferior to the number of the army of the enemy. The deciding factor was the betrayal of some of the emirs, who moved to the side of Timur.

At Angora, a battle was fought, which ended in the complete defeat of the Turkish army. Sultan Bayezid fled from the battlefield but was captured. He was kept in an iron cage until his death. However, the Turkish state is preserved. Timur had no Navy and did not send their forces in Europe. In 1405, the ruler did not, and his great Empire began to disintegrate. But it is necessary to return to Turkey.

The Defeat at Angora, and death of the Sultan led to the long struggle between the sons of Bayezid for power. The Turkish government had briefly left the plans for the capture of Byzantium. But in the twenties of the fifteenth century, the Turks became stronger. Came to power, the Sultan Murad the Second, and the army was supplemented with artillery.

Despite several attempts, he failed to take Constantinople, but in 1430 he captured Solun. All its inhabitants were slaves.

The Union of Florence

The reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire directly linked to the plans of the Turkish state. It is a dense ring was surrounded by a hopeless Empire. Possession of the once powerful Byzantine Empire was limited to the capital and surrounding district.

The Government of the Byzantine Empire was continually searched for help among the Catholic States of Europe. Emperors even were willing to subdue the Greek Church to the Pope. This idea took the fancy of Rome. In 1439 was held the Council of Florence, which decided to unite the Eastern and Western Church under papal authority.

The Union did not support the Greek population. The history preserved the statement of the chiefthe Greek fleet Luke Notara. He stated that he would prefer to see in Constantinople the Turkish turban than the papal tiara. All layers of the Greek population remembered well the attitude from the Western European feudal lords who ruled them during the Crusades and the existence of the Latin Empire.

A Large amount of information contains the answer to the question "how many reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire"? Everyone can count them yourself by reading the entire article.

A New Crusade

The European countries have realized the danger that awaits them from the Turkish state. For this and other reasons, they organized a Crusade. It took place in 1444. It was attended by the poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Germans, private of the French knights.

The Campaign was a failure for Europeans. They were defeated near Varna powerful Turkish troops. After that, the fate of Constantinople was sealed.

Now it is necessary to highlight the military causes of the fall of the Byzantine Empire and list them.

Imbalance of power

how many reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire

The Ruler of the Byzantine Empire in the last days of its existence was Constantine the Eleventh. In his possession was pretty weak military force. Researchers believe that they consisted of ten thousand soldiers. Most of them were the mercenaries of Genoese lands.

The Ruler of the Turkish state was the Sultan Mehmed the Second. In 1451 he was replaced by Murad the Second. The Sultan had an army consisting of two hundred thousand warriors. About fifteen thousand were well trained Janissaries.

How much would the reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire wasn't called the inequality of the parties is the main.

Nevertheless, the city is not going to give up. The Turks had to show considerable ingenuity to reach the goal and seize the last Bastion of the Eastern Roman Empire.

What is known about the rulers of the warring parties?

Constantine

Born the last ruler of the Byzantine Empire in 1405. His father was Manuel the Second, and mother – daughter of the Serbian Prince Helen Dragas. Since the maternal family was quite noble, the son had the right to take the name Dragas. And so he did. Childhood Constantine held in the capital.

In later years he was engaged in the management of the province of Moray. For two years ruled Constantinople during the absence of his older brother. Contemporaries described him as short-tempered man who still possessed a sound mind. He was able to convince others. Was quite an educated man, interested in military Affairs.

Became Emperor in 1449, after the death of John the Eighth. He was supported in the capital, but he was not crowned by the Patriarch. His entire reign the Emperor prepared the capital for a possible siege. He also did not stop the search for allies in the struggle against the Turks and made attempts to reconcile Christians after the signing of the Union. Thus it becomes clear how many of the causes of the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Year 6 pupils also explains what caused the tragic events.

The Occasion of a new war with Turkey was caused by the claim of Constantine to increase the monetary contribution on the part of Mehmed II for the fact that in the capital of Byzantine lives of the Ottoman Prince Orhan. He could lay claim to the Turkish throne, and therefore was a danger to Mehmed II. The Sultan did not fulfil the requirements of Constantinople, and refused to pay, declaring war.

Constantine was not able to obtain help from Western European States. Late was military assistance to the Pope.

Before the capture of the Byzantine capital Sultan gave the Emperor the chance to surrender, saving his life and saving power in Mystras. But Constantine did not go for it. There is a legend that when the city fell, he tore off their insignia and rushed to the battlefield together with simple soldiers. In the battle died the last Emperor of Byzantium. Accurate information about what happened with the remains of the deceased, no. There is a lot of assumptions on this issue.

Conquest of Constantinople

how many reasons for the fall of Byzantium in the paragraph text

The Ottoman Sultan was Born in 1432. Father was Murad the Second, the mother – Greek concubine Huma Khatun. After six years he has lived long time in Maniskas province. Subsequently, he became its ruler. Turkish to ascend to the throne Mehmed tried several times. Finally, he managed to do it in 1451.

The capture of Constantinople, the Sultan has taken serious measures to protect the cultural values of the capital. He established contact with representatives of the Christian churches. After the fall of Constantinople to the Venetians and the Genoese had to sign a non-aggression treaties with the Turkish government. The agreement also touched on the issue of free trade.

After the submission of the Byzantine Empire, the Sultan took Serbia, Wallachia, Herzegovina, the strategic fortress of Albania. His policy has spread to the East and the West. Until the death of the Sultan lived with the dream of new conquests. Before his death, he intended to seize the new state, presumably Egypt. The cause of death is food poisoning or a chronic disease. It happened in 1481. His place was taken by the son of Bayezid the Second, who continued the policy of his father and strengthened the Ottoman Empire. Back to the events of 1453.

Siege of Constantinople

causes of the fall of the Byzantine Empire 6 the class briefly

The article examines the reasons for the weakening and fall of the Byzantine Empire. Ended its existence in 1453year.

Despite the significant superiority in military power, the Turks besieged the city for two months. The fact that Constantinople was helping people with food and weapons from the outside. All of this was transported across the sea. But Mehmed the Second came up with a plan that allowed us to block the city from sea and land. What was the trick?

The Sultan ordered to place on the land, wooden walkways and spread them with fat. According to this “road” the Turks were able to drag their ships in the Harbor of the Golden horn. The besieged had taken care of that enemy ships were in the Harbor on the water. They blocked the path of the huge chains. But the Greeks could not know that the Turkish Sultan crossed his fleet by land. This case is discussed in detail together with the question of how the reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire in history class 6.

Invasion of the city

what are the causes of the fall of Byzantium

Constantinople fell on may 29 of that year, when he began his siege. The Emperor Constantine was killed along with most of the defenders of the city. The capital of the former Empire was looted by Turkish troops.

Already, it didn't matter how many reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire (in the paragraph text, you can find such information yourself). More important was what happened inevitable. New Rome fell a thousand years after the destruction of old Rome. Since that time, in South-Eastern Europe established a regime of despotic oppression of the military-feudal order and the gravest of national oppression.

However, not all buildings were destroyed during the Turkish invasion. The Sultan had plans to use them in the future.

Constantinople-Istanbul

Mehmed II decided not to destroy the city, which had tried to take possession of his ancestors, fully. He made it the capital of his Empire. That's why he gave the order not to destroy the city buildings.

This survived and the most famous monument of the time of Justinian. We are talking about the Hagia Sophia. The Sultan turned it into the main mosque, giving it a new name – “Traveler of the Sufi". The new name given to the city itself. Now he is known under the name of Istanbul.

Who was the last Emperor? How many reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire? In the text of the paragraph of school textbooks present this information. However, not all States that means the new name of the city. "Istanbul" has occurred because the Greek expression, which the Turks have distorted when I took possession of the town. Besieged by screaming “is tin Polin” that meant “the city”. The Turks thought that this is the name of the Byzantine capital.

Before once again return to the question, what is the cause of the fall of the Byzantine Empire (briefly), it is necessary to consider all the consequences of the capture of Constantinople by the Turks.

The consequences of the conquest of Constantinople

what is the cause of the fall of the Byzantine Empire briefly

The Fall of the Byzantine Empire and its conquest by the Turks had a profound impact on many European Nations.

With the capture of Constantinople gone Levantine trade. This happened due to a sharp deterioration in the terms of trade with countries that were occupied by the Turks. They began to levy large exactions from European and Asian merchants. Have become the dangerous sea route. Turkish war virtually ceased, making it impossible to conduct trade in the Mediterranean sea. Subsequently, the reluctance to visit the Turkish possessions pushed merchants to look for new ways to the East and to India.

Now I understand how is called the reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire by historians. However, you should still have to pay attention to the consequences of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks. The more they touched and Slavic peoples. The transformation of the Byzantine capital to the center of the Turkish state influenced political life in Central and Eastern Europe.

In the sixteenth century Turkish aggression turned against the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria, Ukraine, Hungary. When in 1526 the Turkish army defeated the crusaders in the battle of Mohacs, it has taken a core part of Hungary. Now Turkey has become a threat to the possessions of the Habsburgs. A similar danger from outside contributed to the creation of the Austrian Empire of many peoples who lived in the Middle basin of the Danube. At the head of the new state were the Habsburgs.

Threatened the Turkish state and the countries of Western Europe. By the sixteenth century it had grown to enormous proportions, including all the North African coast. However, Western European States have different attitudes to the Turkish question. For example, France saw Turkey's new ally against the Habsburgs. A little later, the Sultan sought to approach and England, which wanted to seize the middle East market. One Empire was replaced with another one. Many States were forced to reckon with such a strong enemy, which proved to be the Ottoman Empire.

The Main causes of the fall of Byzantium

At school the question of the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire is treated in high school. Usually at the end of the paragraph asks the question: what are the causes of the fall of Byzantium? Briefly in the 6th grade is supposed to designate them from the text of the textbook, so the answer may vary somewhat depending on the author of the manual.

However, it is possible to allocate four most frequent causes:

  1. Turks possessed powerful artillery.
  2. The conquerors was a fortress on the banks of the Bosphorus, through which they controlled the movement of ships through the Strait.
  3. Constantinople surrounded dvukhtochechnoi armywhich controlled both land and sea.
  4. The Invaders decided to assault the Northern part of the city walls, which were less fortified than the rest.

A short list of these external causes, related primarily to the military power of the Turkish state. However, in the article you can find a lot of internal reasons that played a role in the fall of the Byzantine Empire.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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