Criminalistics is Forensic criminalistics...

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2018-03-25 21:01:22

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The Concept of criminology has an important place in system of scientific knowledge that constitute the basis of professional training of investigators and investigators, judges and prosecutors, operational officers and experts as well as lawyers. This discipline develops and improves tactics, means and methods of investigation, disclosure and prevention of illegal acts.

Appearance

Prerequisites for the emergence of criminology began significant growth and professionalization of crime that occurred in Europe in the second half of the 19th century Methods, techniques and tools for investigation of unlawful acts, which have developed by the time had a strict scientific basis. In this regard, the fight against qualitatively and quantitatively changed, crime has not brought the desired effect.

criminalistics isThe History of criminology as a science began in the late 19th century In this period, scientists from Austria – Professor at the universities of Prague and Graz, Hans gross-were systematized accumulated at the time of the investigation of cognition. They also wrote the first work on forensic science. In 1892, the world saw the book. It was called “Guide for court investigators as the system of criminalistics”. This work and proclaimed the birth of a new science.

Hans gross himself had investigative experience. In addition, he knew many of the basics of natural science and engaged in microscopy and photography. In his book, the scientist revealed the concept of criminology, the contents and the challenges facing it. Gross also pointed to the possibility of applying for the investigation of scientific and technological facilities and has developed methods and techniques of investigation.

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The History of criminology in Russia originates only in the 20th century, It was the first time conducted research in this area. In their list are the works of Bura affecting the area of forensic photography and examination of documents. Remarkable work of Lebedev concerning fingerprinting, as well as Brazos and Tregubova on investigations and criminal technology.

The Necessity of the emergence of criminology

Crime has existed throughout almost all of human history and has always been an acute problem, which was disturbed by public opinion. By the end of the 19th century there were favorable factors for the growth in the number of criminal elements. Such prerequisites include the development of industrialization, social conditions, etc. But it should be said that organised crime in any state only grows in that case, if law enforcement are unable to protect legal interests of citizens. The investigation of wrongful acts committed by such groups is very difficult.

By the end of the 19th century criminals were armed with a new transport and technical means. The investigation of perpetrated crimes began to confound the law enforcement officials. This situation was observed in France, in Germany, in England and in the United States. That is why the governments of many countries faced the challenge of creating a branch of knowledge, able to withstand the new quality of crime.

Main tasks of forensic science

Written by gross, gave in the hands of the experts and investigators proven practices and scientifically sound methods, techniques and means of disclosure, and prevention of the most complex crimes. You can say that forensics – it is a discipline concerning the regularities of the mechanism of illegal actions. It addresses issues of obtaining the necessary information about the crime and its participants. Forensics covers the issues of patterns of exploration, use and evaluation of the evidence obtained.

Forensics – legal science. But she applied character. The overall objectives of the criminology – bring the activities of all bodies of jurisprudence on scientific thought level, equipping their work the most modern methods, means and techniques of search and educational activities. All this is necessary to achieve the main goal-to solve the crime.

criminologyFight against illegal actions is the main task of reporting science. However, it is worth saying that forensics – is not a partner of the judge or investigator. It is a tool in hand that allows to establish the truth.

The Special tasks of criminology relate to further explore the objective laws that form the basis of the subject of this discipline. These include:

- the development of theories as the basis of methods and means of judicial investigation and prevention of illegal actions;
- improvement of existing and development of new technical tools, guidelines and tactical methods for collecting research material, examination and use of evidence;
- the study and application of foreign experience of law enforcement.

The Implementation of General and special tasks of criminalistics is possible only after resolution of specific issues raised at some stage. Their volume is different. And to treat a specific task can not only to the theory of criminology. Theycontact with other areas of knowledge, as well as being a research product.

The Development of criminology gave a background to the emergence of more narrow areas. At some stage there were techniques on the disclosure of the embezzlement of public and state property, on the application of methods of physics in solving crimes, etc.

At the present stage of development of criminalistics also exist specific tasks with practical content. They concern:

- expanding amount of data, logic and psychology, which are used in criminalistics;
- applications of Cybernetics;
- development of the research questions of the objects passing the examination;
- methods of establishing the causes and conditions that contributed to the Commission of criminal acts.

The specific objectives of forensic science at the present stage of its development is the reshaping of existing tactics, and also classification of methods of committing crimes, use in the investigations of the element of surprise, etc.

Science

Any discipline is the whole complex parts, with internal logical connection. The system of criminalistics has four sections. Among them are the following:

methodological (theoretical) framework;
- forensic technique;
- forensic tactics;
- techniques for the investigation of certain types of illegal actions.

criminalistics lecturesAs the first partition of system forensics, it is a set of theoretical concepts, philosophical principles, and categories of relations and methods of discipline. This part of the science includes the concepts that form the idea of the task and the subject of the discipline, the laws of its development and the place which it occupies in the field of scientific knowledge. In this section, are private theory. They reflect the result in the cognition of the objective laws which are basic in the development of methods, techniques, tools, and recommendations. They find application in the fight against crime.

The Second section of criminology is studying the patterns that are a prerequisite to the formation of the material traces left by criminals. On the basis of this knowledge is the development of methods, technical means and methods of detection, removal, and preliminary studies of these materials.

The criminology and examines such subject as a tactic. This is the third branch of science, which reflects patterns of occurrence, transmission and preservation of the perfect perpetrator. It also discusses the communication and psychology of relationships between people involved in the preliminary investigation. On this basis and produced a number of practical techniques that facilitate investigative actions within the Criminal procedure code.

The Final section, which includes criminalistics, – is a technique for the investigation of certain types of crimes. This part of science contains a description of the mechanisms and modus operandi of certain types of illegal actions, as well as traces left after the criminal event. Based on this knowledge developed special algorithms (fundamentals of) production of all phases of investigative activities in typical situations.

All sections of criminalistics are inextricably linked. And the first of them is the scientific basis for techniques and tactics and techniques that are developed in this discipline.

What is studying forensic science?

The Subject of the discipline are the regularities of the mechanism of illegal actions, and collection, further research and evaluation of evidence. We can also incorporate the means and methods of investigation and prevention of criminal acts.

Such a thing as an object of criminalistics are closely connected with the subject of study of this discipline. It consists of two parts. The first of them – the activities of criminal elements. Second – the work of employees of law-enforcement agencies on disclosure and prevention of illegal acts.

The Object of criminology is studied not only in the given discipline. He is in the zone of attention of judicial statistics, criminal procedure, etc. However, each of these Sciences has been studying these objects in order to solve their problems.

Forensic identification

Every crime is committed in reality. And inevitably in places where there were illegal actions, there are various tracks on which the investigation is required to determine the relationship of any of the objects of the wrongful event. And here comes to the aid of criminology. Identification is one of her methods to investigate a certain object to his crime. She sets it from many similar objects.

the concept of criminologyDuring the investigation also raised the subjects of forensic identification. It is those parties that are involved in the criminal process. In this list are investigators and investigators, experts and judges, suspects and victims, etc. Each of them solves the task of identification according to their procedural status and permissible by law and in equity. For example, expertise in forensic science allowto determine whether any subject of the murder weapon. A witness who saw the offender, unable to recognize them memorable appearance. Every object of reality possesses a great number of characteristics and properties.

The Items differ in shape and size, color and composition, etc. Forensic identification are studied, not all features and properties. Mainly, this technique applies only to external characteristics of the object that appears on various subjects. For example, irregularities in a particular blade of an axe can be distinguished on the log of wood. The same applies to features of a person's appearance. They appear in the photo or in the memory of the witness.

System forensic organizations in Russia

The First expert institutions in the country were established in St. Petersburg in 1889. Its founder was E. F. burinskii. Already in 1892, began to work forensic photographic laboratory. It was established by order of the Ministry of justice. Somewhat later, similar institutions were opened in many Russian cities. They were necessary for law enforcement authorities and used in the processes of special knowledge. There were rooms for scientific and forensic examination, later transformed into the institutions. After the great Patriotic war, these companies received a new name. They became known as the scientific-research forensic laboratories.

In 1944, began the work of the Central forensic laboratory. It was organized under the Ministry of justice of the USSR. Later on its basis there was created the Institute of criminology. They became the Central scientific research Institute of forensic examinations. It exists today. Now that the Russian Federal centre of judicial examination at Ministry of justice of Russian Federation. The system, headed by the Agency, includes about fifty Central, as well as national and regional laboratories.

There are other organizations in this sphere. So, the Ministry of justice forensic work the establishment of the internal Affairs bodies. The head of the Expert-criminalistic center of MIA of Russia. It was founded in 1992, subordinate To the Center are forensic departments and divisions, control and laboratory.

The Use of forensic science in the judicial process

The Specific scientific knowledge relating to activities of criminal elements, as well as their detection, are used to determine the truth in the final judgment. In particular, the trial forensic science provides the possibility of conducting additional examinations. With her help filled the gaps that were made during the preliminary investigation.

Until recently, achievements in the field of criminology, the courts have used indirectly. This process was a study and evaluation of the materials of the criminal case, which were collected by the investigator. However, simultaneously with the entry into force of the new edition of the Criminal procedure code the court had an opportunity to collect evidence. Receive them in conducting independent investigative or other procedural actions.

One of the ways to address existing gaps serves as an investigative experiment. In most cases, modern forensics uses it to validate the data that was obtained during the inspection, survey, etc. Practice and theory of the investigative experiment have long been developed in the existing scientific methodologies. This method, which is applied by the court, can provide effective results. It allows us to determine the probability of committing a crime imputed to the defendant. For example, it could retrieve bulky items through the hole in the ceiling of the shop, does it have the professional skills that are necessary for the Commission of unlawful acts, etc.

In addition, the examination effectively eliminates existing contradictions. Suppose a witness, victim or defendant are trying hard to defend his version. In this case, comes to the aid of an expert who assesses each of the options, based on specific knowledge. In particular, this may relate to the case on collision of the vehicle when each of the drivers in its own way explains the cause of the accident.

The Examination conducted in the criminal justice process is a form of relationship, which is a system of special actions between judges and the accused, defence counsel, investigators, Prosecutor, witness and other participants of the criminal process.

The man handed down a sentence should have full justification. That is why courts should conduct due diligence in all cases that require special knowledge of technology, science, crafts or other activities. The results obtained do not offer advantages over other available evidence. They are subject to obligatory evaluation and inspection by the judges.

Forensic ballistics

One of your research items from the law students is necessarily forensics. Lectures on the discipline system is affected by the detection methods, scientific principles and research relating to firearms.

history of criminology

The Object of this system is the set of actually available data relevant to the case under investigation.The objects of forensic ballistics – gas and firearms, items with gunshot residue, as well as ammunition and their components. The main objectives of the assessment is to identify and solve diagnostic and classification issues.

Relationship to other Sciences

Discipline that develops methods of crime and law enforcement, closest to the areas that relate to criminal and legal cycle. A similar focus study crime, as well as developing private and common methods of dealing with it as forensics. Lectures on these subjects shall listen to law students. Such Sciences include criminal law and criminology, penal law and criminal procedure, criminal statistics and the theory of operational-investigative activity. Partly this includes psychiatry and forensic medicine, and psychology.

criminologyThe closest connection criminalistics has with the criminal process. Initially, these two disciplines have common objectives and objects of research.

Forensic science originated and passed the stage of formation in parallel with the criminal process. Only as of its formation, she became an independent legal science. The criminal process has a pronounced normative character. It defines the conditions under which use of criminalistic recommendations that are essential for solving crimes and in part for other litigation. The criminal process reflects the statutory procedures that must take place when carrying out investigative actions.

Tools, recommendations and techniques developed by forensic science, aimed at establishing the truth. And all of this is in the context of criminal procedural requirements.

criminologyClose relationship has forensic science with another science. This is criminal law. Forensic concept of the mechanism of Commission of illegal actions and methods of investigation are based on the knowledge of their legal entity. After all, before the investigation it is important to identify its features and components. Don't be such science as forensics, many of the norms contained in the Criminal code, just would be unable to work due to the lack of methods of investigation.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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