The indigenous peoples of Siberia. The peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Small peoples of Siberia

According to the researchers from different areas, the indigenous peoples of Siberia were settled in this area in the late Paleolithic. This time is characterized by the highest development of hunting as fishing.

Today, most of the tribes and peoples of this region are few and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with the field of the geography of our country, as the peoples of Siberia. Photo of representatives, the features of language and farming are given in the article.

Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the diversity of the peoples and perhaps to awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual experiences.

Origin

Almost the entire territory of Siberia presents the Mongoloid type of man. Homeland is Central Asia. After the beginning of the retreat of the glacier people with such facial features settled in the region. In that era it was not yet developed breeding to a large extent, therefore, the main occupation of the population was hunting.

If you examine the map of language groups of Siberia, we see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tungusic, Mongolian and Turkic languages on the one hand, and Finno-Samoyed on the other.

Socio-economic characteristics

The Peoples of Siberia and the Far East to the development of this Russian region were mostly of a similar way of life. First, were widespread tribal relations. The tradition was kept within the individual settlements, marriages tried not to be distributed outside of the tribe.

Classes are divided depending on place of residence. If there was a large artery, often there were villages of sedentary fishermen who have originated agriculture. The main population engaged exclusively in animal husbandry, for example, it was common reindeer herding.

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Whether These animals to breed not only for meat, unpretentiousness to food and for their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples, as, for example, Evenki, to be good horsemen and warriors in comfortable clothes.

After coming to this territory firearms way of life has changed significantly.

Spiritual sphere of life

The Ancient peoples of Siberia are still adherents of shamanism. Although for many centuries it has undergone various changes, but its strength is not lost. The Buryats, for example, initially added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.

Most of the rest of the tribes were formally baptized in the period after the eighteenth century. But it's official data. If you ride through villages and settlements where live small peoples of Siberia, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovation, the others combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.

Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when there are attributes of different faiths. They intertwine and create a unique pattern authentic culture of a tribe.

Let's go on to talk more about what constitutes the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Aleuts

They call Themselves unangan, and their neighbors (eskimo) – alakshak. The total number barely reached twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the Northern United States and Canada.

Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. However, at their origin there are two points of view. Some consider them a separate ethnic education, other – they stood out from among the Eskimos.

Before the people became acquainted with Orthodoxy, whose adherents they are today, Aleuts practiced a blend of shamanism and animism. The main shaman's costume was in the form of birds, and spirits of different elements and phenomena depicted wooden masks.

Today, they worship one God, which in their language is called Iugum and represents full compliance with all the canons of Christianity.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see next, there are many small peoples of Siberia, but these only live in one settlement-the village of Nikolskoye.

Itelmen

The Self comes from the word ‘Iceman”, which means “the man who lives here" of the local, in other words.

They can be Found in the territory West of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Magadan region. The total number of – little more than three thousand people, according to the census of 2002.

In appearance they are closer to the Pacific, but still have obvious features of Northern Mongoloids.

The Original religion-of animism and fetishism, ancestor was considered crows. To bury the dead from Itelmen accepted rite "air burial”. The deceased is hanged before istibanja in the coffin on the tree or placed on a special scaffold. This tradition can boast of not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia, in ancient times it was common even in the Caucasus and in North America.

The Most common fishing is fishing and hunting in coastal mammals, such as seals. In addition, there is a widespread gathering.

Kamchadals

Not all of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East are natives, an example of this can be Kamchadals. In fact, it is not an independent nation, but a mixtureRussian immigrants with the local tribes.

The Language is Russian with admixture of local dialects. They are widespread mainly in Eastern Siberia. This includes Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan oblast, coast of the Okhotsk sea.

According to the census, their total number varies within two and a half thousand people.

Actually, Kamchadals, as such, appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and traders vigorously established contacts with local, some of them entered into marriages with itelmeni and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.

Thus, the descendants of these tribal alliances and wear today the name of the Kamchadal.

Koryak

If to start to enumerate the peoples of Siberia, Koryak will occupy not the last place in the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.

This is Actually not a single nation and a few tribes. They call themselves Nymylan or chavchuven. According to the census, today their number is around nine thousand people.

Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Magadan region-the territory of residence of members of these tribes.

If you make the classification on the basis of lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.

The First – nymylany. Speak Aliutor language and engaged in marine fisheries - fishing and hunting for seals. To them the culture and way of life close to Kerek. This people is peculiar to settled life.

The Second – cavcav nomads (herders). The language of Koryak. Live on the Penzhinskaya Guba, Taiwanese and the surrounding areas.

A Characteristic feature that distinguishes Koryak, as well as some other peoples of Siberia, are yaranga. This mobile cone shaped dwelling made of animal skins.

Mansi

If we talk about indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, not to mention the Uralo-Yukaghir language family. The most outstanding representatives of this group are Mansi.

The people of this Self – “mindsy” or “Voguls”. “Muncey” in their language means “man”.

This group was formed as a result of assimilation of the Uralic and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The first was settled by hunters, the second – of nomadic pastoralists. This duality of culture and farming continues to this day.

The first contacts with Western neighbors was in the eleventh century. At that time Muncie acquainted with the Komi Republic and Novgorod. After joining Russia intensified colonization policy. By the end of the seventeenth century, they pushed away to the North-East, and in the eighteenth formally accept Christianity.

Today in this nation there are two fratrie. The first is called Then, his ancestor considers of a Bear, and its basis is formed by the Urals. The second one is called MOSI, its founder – woman Keltsch, and most in this fratrii belongs to the Ugric.
A Characteristic feature is that the cross only recognizes marriage between phratries. This tradition have only some indigenous peoples of Western Siberia.

Nanai

In ancient times they were known under the name of Golda, one of the most famous representatives of the people – Dersu Uzala.

According to the census, they are little more than twenty thousand. They live along the Amur river on the territory of the Russian Federation and China. Language – Nanai. In Russia the Cyrillic alphabet is used in China – the language is unwritten.

The peoples of Siberia became known thanks Khabarov, who in the seventeenth century, explored this region. Some scientists believe their ancestors settled farmers ducherow. But most are inclined to believe that Nanai just came to these lands.

In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of boundaries along the Amur river, many representatives of this nation were suddenly citizens of the two States.

Nenets

Enumerating the peoples of Western Siberia, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many names of the tribes of these territories, it means “man”. According to the census of the population, from the Taimyr Peninsula to the Kola Peninsula, they are home to more than forty thousand people. Thus, it appears that the Nenets – the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

They are divided into two groups. First – the tundra, the representatives of the majority, the second - the forest (they were running low). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.

Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets are traits of Mongoloids and Caucasians. The closer to the East, the less remains with European characteristics.

The Basis of the economy of a people is reindeer herding, and to a small extent, fishing. Main course-corned beef, but the kitchen is replete with raw meat cows and deer. Thanks contained in the blood vitamins the Nenets have no scurvy, but such exotics rarely have the taste to guests and tourists.

Chukchi

If you think about how people lived in Siberia, and to approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others – from the Northern Islands and Alaska. Only a small part is the locals.

The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, the type oflooks similar to the Itelmen and the Eskimos and have facial features like the indigenous population of America. It's tempting to think about their origin.

With the Russians they met in the seventeenth century more than one hundred years waged a bloody war. Was eventually pushed over the Kolyma.

An Important trade item was Anui fortress, where he moved the garrison after the fall of the Anadyr fortress. Fair in this rock had a turnover in the hundreds of thousands of rubles.

A rich group of the Chukchi-CHUCHU (herders) – brought back here to sell skins. The second part of the population called ankalyn (breeders), they roamed in the North of Chukotka and were easier to farm.

Inuit

Self for this nation – the Inuit, and the word "eskimo” means “the one who eats raw fish”. So they called their neighbors, tribes - American Indians.

Researchers identify the people in the special “Arctic” race. They are very adapted to life in the area and inhabit all the coast of the Arctic ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.

According to the census in 2002, the Russian Federation, their number only about two thousand people. The main part resides in the territory of Canada and Alaska.

Inuit Religion-animism, and the drums are sacred heirloom in every family.

For lovers of the exotic will be interesting to learn about Ignace. This is a special dish which is extremely dangerous for anyone who does not eat them since childhood. In fact, this rotting meat Umarsultanov deer or walrus (seals), which were kept for several months under pressure from the gravel.

Thus, in this paper we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. Met with their real names, features beliefs, economy and culture.