Great mathematicians and their discoveries

Mathematics appeared simultaneously with the human desire to explore the world around them. Initially, it was part of philosophy, mother of Sciences and was not highlighted as a separate discipline on a par with the same astronomy, physics. However, over time the situation has changed. In this article we will find out who they are, the great mathematicians, the list of which has already jumped over a hundred. Highlight the main names.

The Beginning

The Knowledge people have accumulated more and more, eventually there was a division of exact and natural Sciences. After the official "birth" each of them went their own way, evolving to strengthen the Foundation of theory, supported by practice. It would seem that some practices may be at mathematics, the most abstract of the Sciences? The subject is able to describe all the processes occurring on our planet and beyond, and the knowledge of the nature of the phenomenon and to draw conclusions and to make predictions. Hence it can be concluded that all Sciences are linked, the most obvious is the relationship between mathematics and physics. Therefore, in most cases, a great mathematics and physics constitute one group of scientists. Judge for yourself - how can you describe something without using rationale?

Human history is not only the conquest of new territories and wars, in which world powers are pursuing primarily their own interests, but the endless academic discourse designed to explain, to show, to explore and find out the future of tomorrow. In this article we will consider those who have made a significant contribution to the creation of the present. Who they are, the great mathematicians of the past that paved the way for modern discoveries?

Pythagoras

When mention great mathematicians, most people mind first comes the name. Nobody really knows the facts of his biography is true and what – fiction, because the name has acquired a mass of legends. During the life of the accepted date range from 570 to 490 BC

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Sorry, writing when he did not have, however, assumed that his blessings were many discoveries made at that time. However, we will mention only those achievements that are the undeniable fruit of his labors.

• Geometry – a famous theorem, which States that in a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Do not forget the table of Pythagoras, by which pupils of primary school learn the principle of multiplication of natural numbers. He also put the method of construction of some polygons.
• Geography – the great mathematician Pythagoras was the first to suggest that the Earth is round.
• Astronomy – the hypothesis of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

Euclid

This ancient Greek mathematics modern science owes geometry.

Euclid was born in 365 BC in Athens, and for 65 years (until the end of his life, in fact) lived in Alexandria. It can be considered a revolutionary among scientific figures of the time, as it has done a great job to unite all the experience of past years in one smooth, logical system without "holes" and contradictions. This great scientist (physicist and mathematician) wrote a treatise "the Beginning", which included more than a dozen volumes! In addition, from his hands came out of work, describing the propagation of the light beam in a straight line.

The Theory of Euclid is good because he pushed away from the abstract "could be", citing a number of postulates (claims that require evidence), and has them using a dry mathematical logic, brought an orderly system of existing geometry.

Francois Viet

Great mathematicians and their discoveries also depend on the will of the case. This proved Mr. Viet (years of life – 1540-1603), who lived in France and served in the Royal court first a lawyer and later Counsellor of the monarch. When is Henry III ascended to the throne Henry IV, françois changed the nature of the activities. A number of “the World's great mathematicians", a list of which is not small, added a new name thanks to the war of France with Spain. The latter in his correspondence had used a complicated cipher which cannot be decrypted. Thus, the enemies of the French crown was able to correspond freely in enemy territory without fear of being caught.

Having Tried all the methods, the king turned to the Vieta. For Crescent mathematician worked without rest until he achieved the desired result. Due to this mathematician has once again become a personal adviser, but already the new king. Parallel to this, Spain began to suffer defeat after defeat, not knowing what it is. Finally, the truth came out, and the Inquisition in absentia has sentenced Francois to death, but never fulfilled it.

In his new position Advisor got the opportunity to dive into the math, giving himself to the beloved, like all great men. About mathematics and the Vieta said, puzzled, focusing on the fact that he manages to combine a fascination with the practice of law.

Among the achievements of vieta are:

• Letter symbols in algebra. A French mathematician has replaced the settings and some of the coefficients of the letters, reducing the expression several times. This measure did more algebraic statements simple and easy to understand, in parallel, facilitating further insights. This step was revolutionary sincefacilitated the road behind. A truly great mathematician Pythagoras left their offspring in safe hands. The ideology of tomorrow is completely transferred.
• Conclusion the theory of solving equations to the fourth degree inclusive.
• The derivation of the name itself, which to this day find the roots of quadratic equations.
• Conclusion and justification the first in the history of science infinite products.

Leonhard Euler

The scientist with an amazing destiny. Born in Switzerland (1707), he can safely enter the list of "Great Russian mathematicians", as the most fruitful work and found the last refuge in Russia (1783).

The Period of his work and discoveries associated with our country, to which he moved in 1726, at the invitation of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. For fifteen years he wrote a lot of papers in mathematics and in physics. In total they made nearly 9 hundred complex insights which enriched science with the time. Towards the end of the life of Leonhard Euler, contrary to the rules (but with the approval of the French government), the Paris Academy of Sciences made him the ninth member, whereas according to the rules there should be eight. Only great mathematicians could be so honored, as any scientific organization pedantic when it comes to compliance.

Among the discoveries of Leonhard Euler should be noted:

• The Association of mathematics as a science. Until the XVIII century, which is considered to be the period of the triumph of Euler, all the disciplines were fragmented. Algebra, calculus, geometry, probability, etc. existed by themselves, do not intersect. He gathered from them are slender and logical system, which is now taught in schools without any changes.
• Output the number e that is approximately equal to 2.7. As you can see, the great scientists and mathematicians often gain immortality in their works, did not pass this Cup and Euler – the first letter of the surname gave the name to this irrational number, without which there would be natural logarithm.
• The First formulation of the theory of integration, indicating the methods that it used. Introduction double integrals.
• The Foundation and the distribution of Euler diagrams-concise and illustrative graphs that show the relationship of sets, regardless of their origin. For example, they show that the infinite set of natural numbers is included in the infinite set of rational numbers and so on.
• Writing revolutionary for that time, works on the differential calculus.
• Addition of elementary geometry, Euclid derived yet. For example, he led and proved that all the altitudes of the triangle intersect at one point.

Galileo Galilei

This scientific figure who has lived his entire life in Italy (1564 to 1642), is familiar to every schoolboy. The period of his activity fell in the troubled time that was marked by the Inquisition. Any dissent was punished, science was pursued, because it contradicted the assertions of the theologians. No one and nothing could be described, for in all the will of God.

That the mathematician Galileo, according to legend, was the author of the phrase “And still it moves!” after he renounced his words that the earth revolves around the Sun and not Vice versa. This step was caused by the struggle for life, because the Inquisition considered heresy his hypothesis, in which the participants of rotation reversed. The priests could not allow the Earth as a creation of God, ceased to be the center of it all.

However, his works of this hypothesis did not stop, because in the story he came as the great physicist and mathematician. Galileo:

• By empirical studies rejected the assertion of Aristotle, which stated that the speed of falling bodies is directly proportional to its weight;
• Put the paradox named after himself, in which the number of natural numbers is equal to the number of their own squares, though most of the numbers are squares is not;
• Wrote a work "Reasoning about the dice" which was considered the reference from the point of view of probability theory the task conclusion, and justification.

Andrey Kolmogorov

When mention the great mathematicians of Russia, one of the first that comes to mind is this scientific figure.

Aleksei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov was born in the spring of 1903 in the city of Tambov. Primary education he received at home, and then enrolled in a private school. Already there was marked by his amazing ability in the Sciences. In certain circumstances, his family was forced to move to Moscow, where they found a Civil war. No matter what, Kolmogorov entered Moscow University to study mathematics. The success of the young student in the chosen field were so great that he effortlessly could prematurely pass the exams, not looking up from his core passions – the theory of probability. In scientific publications began to appear the works of Kolmogorov, since 1923, and he at that time was barely 20 years old. Methodically achieving desirable mathematician in 1939, he became an academician. He has worked all his life in Moscow and died in the fall of 1987, is buried at Novodevichy cemetery.

His major works include:

• Improvement of teaching methods ofmathematics in primary and secondary schools. Great mathematicians and their discoveries on a world scale is important, but equally valuable and useful is working on the preparation of young generation of future scientific leaders. We all know that the foundations are laid in early childhood.
• Development of mathematical methods and transfer them from the abstract in the applied areas. In other words, thanks to the efforts of Andrei Nikolaevich mathematics firmly established in science.
• Conclusion adopted by the international scientific community of the basic axioms of probability theory. The latter is characterized by the fact that describes a finite number of events.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

This scientific figure, like all great Russian mathematicians, since childhood showed remarkable ability in the Sciences.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky was born in 1793 in one of provinces of Russia. At the age of 7 with his family moved to Kazan, where he lived his entire life. He died at the age of 63 years, perpetuate his name for centuries to work to Supplement the classical Euclidean geometry. He introduced several refinements in the conventional system, proving a number of claims, for example, that parallel lines intersect at infinity. His work is defined in the plane, which is characterized by velocities close to the speed of light. It would seem, what's the point open for that time? The theory was found controversial, outrageous, but over time the great scientists and mathematicians recognized that the work of Lobachevsky opened the door to the future.

Augustin Louis Cauchy

The Name of this math is known to each student, as it had to be noted in the General course of higher mathematics, and in more narrow areas, for example, in mathematical analysis.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (years of life – 1789-1857) can rightfully be considered the father of mathematical analysis. It brought to mind all that dwelt in limbo, with neither definition nor justification. Because of his work, were such pillars of the discipline, continuity, limit, derivative and integral. Cauchy also showed the convergence of the series and its radius, which gave a mathematical justification of dispersion in optics.

The Cauchy Contribution in the development of modern mathematics was so massive that his name took pride of place on the first floor of the Eiffel tower - it was there, in chronological order, listed scientists (including the great mathematicians). This list serves as a monument to science and to this day.

Summary

For centuries mathematics has attracted scientists in their unnatural, which miraculously was able to describe all that is happening in the world around us.

Pythagoras claimed that everything is based on the number. Almost everything that happens to a person and inside the person, it can describe.

Galileo said that mathematics is the language of nature. Think about it. The value that is artificial in nature, describes all natural.

The names of the great mathematicians is not just a list of people who are attracted to their work, expanding and deepening the scientific basis. Is the links that are able to link present and future, to show the humanity of the future.

However, this is a double-edged sword, as the abundance of information gives more leverage for exposure.

Knowledge is power. Mindless abuse can destroy that so carefully studied and going bit by bit. Awareness of this is paramount, science should benefit.

Great men say about mathematics with infinite respect, as is the passport to the future.