Nerves, outgoing from and incoming to the brain are called cranial nerves. Distribution and brief characteristics of them are discussed individually in the following article.
There are several types of nerves:
The Neuroscience of motor cranial nerves as sensitive and mixed, has pronounced symptoms, which experts can easily diagnose. In addition to isolated lesions of individual nerves can be affected and those that simultaneously belong to different groups. By knowing their locations and functions are able not only to understand what kind of nerve is broken, but also to localize the affected area. This is achieved through special techniques with the use of high-tech equipment. For example, in ophthalmic practice, using modern technology, it is possible to know the state of the fundus, the optic nerve, to determine the field of view and the centers of loss.
Good value identifies verterbrae and carotid angiography. But more detailed information can be obtained using computed tomography. It is possible to see the individual trunks of the nerves and to identify tumors and other changes in auditory, visual, and other nerves.
To Investigate the trigeminal and auditory nerves became possible due to the method of cortical somatosensory potentials. Also in this case, apply audiography and nystagmography.
The Development of electromyography expanded the possibilities for more detailed information on cranial nerves. You can now explore, for example, the blink reflex response, spontaneous muscle activity of facial expressions and mastication, muscles of tongue, palate and so on.
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Let us Dwell on each of the pairs of data nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Table where they are listed at the end of the article. But now let us consider each pair separately.
This includes the olfactory nerve from the sensitive group. Thus receptor cells scattered in the epithelium of the nasal cavity in the olfactory part. Thin neuronal cell processes are concentrated in the olfactory filaments, which represent the olfactory nerves. From the nasal nerve enters the cranial cavity through the holes of the plate of the ethmoid bone, and ends in the bulb originate from the Central olfactory path.
This pair is part of the optic nerve belonging to the group of sensitive. Axons of neurons here come through the grid plate of the eyeball with one trunk which falls into the cranial cavity. In the base of the brain the fibres of these nerves on both sides converge and create the optic chiasm and tracts. Paths go to the geniculate body and thalamus pillows, then the Central optic path is directed to the occipital lobe of the brain.
Oculomotor (motor), created by the fibers of the nerve runs from those nerves that are located in the gray matter under the cerebral aqueduct. To the base it passes between the legs, after which it enters the orbit and innervates eye muscles (except superior oblique and lateral rectus, their innervation answer other cranial nerves, 12 pairs, a table which clearly illustrates all of them together). This is due to the contained in the parasympathetic nerve fibers.
This pair is part of trochlear nerve (motor), originating from the nucleus beneath the aqueduct of the brain and emerging at the surface in the area of the brain sails. In this part of the chiasm turns, bending the legs and penetration into the eye socket. This pair is innervated by the upper oblique muscle.
Table continues the trigeminal nerve is related to the already mixed. In the trunk there are sensory and motor nuclei, and on the basis of — their roots and branches. Sensory fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal node, whose dendrites create a peripheral branch innervating the skin of the hair of the head ahead as well as the face, gums, teeth, eye conjunctiva, mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, tongue.
Motor fibers (from trigeminal nerve root) are connected with the mandibular nerve branch, go and Innervate muscles of mastication.
The Next member of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (table relates to the group of motor nerves) pair includes the abducens nerve. It starts from cell nuclei in varoliev the bridge, gets on base and moves forward to the eye slits on the top and next to the eye socket. It innervates the direct the eye muscles (external).
This pair consists of the facial nerve (motor) created from cellular processes of the motor nucleus. Fiber begin your journey in the trunk at the bottom of the fourth ventricle, pass around the nucleus of the fourth nerve, down to the base and come in a Mosto-cerebellar angle. He then moves to the auditory orifice, canal of the facial nerve. After the parotid gland itdivides into branches that Innervate the facial expression muscles, as well as several others. In addition, extending from its trunk one branch innervates a muscle located in the middle ear.
The Eighth pair of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (table classifies it to sensory nerves) consists of the auditory, or vestibulocochlear nerve, which includes two parts: preddverno and cochlear. The cochlear part consists of dendrites and axons of the spiral node, located in the bone to the cochlea. And the other part moves away from the vestibular site at the bottom of the ear canal. The nerve on both sides is connected in the ear canal to the auditory nerve.
Fiber preddverno part of the end in those nuclei that are located in the rhomboid fossa, and cochlear — in the cochlear nuclei of the Pons.
Table of cranial nerves continues the ninth pair, which is represented by the glossopharyngeal nerve. It includes sensory, motor, gustatory and secretory fibers. There are close links with the intermediate and vagus nerves. Many of the kernels of these nerve located in the medulla oblongata. They are shared with the tenth and twelfth pairs.
Nerve fiber pairs are in the barrel, leaving the cranial cavity. For the posterior third of the palate and tongue this is the taste and the sensory nerve to the inner ear and throat — sensitive to the throats — motor to parotid gland-secretory.
Next, a table of cranial nerves is continued by a pair consisting of the vagus nerve, which is endowed with different functions. The trunk begins from the roots in the medulla. Coming out of the cranial cavity, the nerve innervates in the throat striated muscle, as well as in the larynx, palate, trachea, bronchi and digestive organs.
Sensory fibers Innervate the occipital region of the brain, outside the auditory canal, other organs. Secretory fibres go to the stomach and pancreas, vasomotor — to the blood vessels, parasympathetic — to the heart.
Presented in this pair of accessory nerve consists of upper and lower sections. The first comes out of the motor nucleus of the medulla oblongata, and the second from the nucleus in the horns of the spinal cord. The roots are connected to each other and leave the skull together with the tenth pair. Some of them goes to that wandering nerve.
It innervates muscles - the sternocleidomastoid and trapeze.
Ends with a summary table of cranial nerve pair with the hypoglossal nerve. Its core is at the bottom of the medulla oblongata. After leaving the skull, it innervates the muscles of the language.
These Are the example diagrams 12 pairs cranial nerves. To summarize the above.
Look at the list, where cranial nerves 12 pairs. The table following.
This Is the structure and data functions of the nerves. Each pair plays a crucial role. Every nerve is a part of a huge system and depends on it as well as the whole system - from the function of individual nerves.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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