Types of theories. The mathematical theory of. Scientific theories

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2018-03-19 18:00:19

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As all can see and hear the modern man! They can be of very different directions. This is not surprising, because there are different types of theories. This is because to create them using different approaches, and they focus on different aspects of human society. So, there is a political theory, mathematical, economic, social. But let's look in more detail.

General information

In the methodology of science the word “theory” can be understood in two main senses: narrow and wide. The first of these implies the highest form of organization of knowledge, which gives a holistic view of the significant relationships and regularities in a particular area of reality. In this case, scientific theories are characterized by the presence of systemic harmony, a logical relationship between the elements, the hatchability of its content from a certain set of concepts and claims (but this must be done according to certain logical and methodological rules). It organizes the basic theory. And what it is understood in the broadest sense of the word?

types of theories

The Theory of science in this case is a set of ideas, perceptions and views, which are intended to interpret a certain phenomenon (or a group of similar events). Is not it surprising? If you think about it, in this case, almost everyone has their own theories. It is fair to say that most of them belong to the realm of everyday psychology. Thanks to them, the person arranges their own idea of justice, good, love, the meaning of life, the relationship between the sexes, the post-mortem existence and the like.

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Why do we need theory?

They are the kind of methodological "cells" scientific knowledge. Modern theory contains within itself the existing knowledge and the procedure by which it was obtained and justified. That is, it has a basic "building" material – learning. They are connected between themselves by a judgment. Them, according to the rules of logic, make inferences.

political theory

Regardless of what kinds of theories are considered, they are based should always be one or even a few ideas (hypotheses) that offer solutions to a particular problem (or even the whole complex). That is, in order to be called a full-fledged science, is sufficient to have only one well-researched theory. As example is the geometry.

Is it Easy to understand the theory?

To begin to understand the concepts, reasoning, problems and hypotheses. They often can fit in the same sentence. For theory it is almost impossible. To briefly give reasons and explanations it is often even written entire works. Enough to use as an example the theory of gravity which was formulated by Newton. For her study, he wrote a voluminous work in 1987 called "Mathematical principles of natural philosophy". Writing it took more than 20 years. But this does not mean that the basic theory is so complex that they can't understand the average citizen.

theory of probability

First and foremost it should be noted that the theory can be summarized in a somewhat schematized (and therefore compressed). This approach provides that will get all minor, unimportant, and often the brackets shall be made of supporting argument and supporting evidence. In addition, as already mentioned above, every man has to build their own theories that are a generalization of his own experience and its analysis. So if you want to understand the science will have to make commonly performed tasks.

Types of theories

They are separated on the basis of their structure, which in turn is based on the methods of constructing theoretical knowledge. There are the following types theory:

  • Axiomatically.
  • Inductive.
  • Hipotetico-deductive.

Each of them uses its own base, which is represented in the form of three different approaches.

Axiomatic theory

Such theories established in science since the days of antiquity. They are the epitome of rigor and precision of scientific knowledge. The most known representatives of this view are mathematical theories. As example formalisierung arithmetic. Besides it, considerable attention was also paid to formal logic and certain areas of physics (thermodynamics, electrodynamics and mechanics). A classic example in this case is the geometry of Euclid. It often treated not only for knowledge, but as the example of scientific rigor. What is the importance in this type?

types of theory of state and law

Here the greatest interest is represented by three components: the postulates (axioms), the derived value (theorems) and proofs (rules, conclusions). Since then, the search engine and design decisions significantly had changed. Especially fruitful in this regard was the 20th century. Then was developed as new approaches and a fundamental level of knowledge (inan example can be given probability). They continue to be developed and created now, but so far there is nothing that could radically upend our lives.

Inductive theory

It is believed that in pure form they do not exist, because it does not provide apodictical and logically based knowledge. So many say that should they mean by inductive methods. Characteristic they are primarily for natural science. This situation has developed due to the fact that it is possible to start with experiments and facts, and finish theoretical generalizations.

main theories

Although it is recognized that several centuries ago the inductive theory was very popular. But because of the size of the expenditure on scientific delights they have on the backburner. After all, consider how you would have formulated the theory of probability, if we approach it in a practical way! Inductive conclusion usually begin with analysis and comparison of the obtained during an experiment or observation data. If they find something similar or in common, then they are generalized as a universal position.

Hypothetical-deductive theory

They are specific to the natural Sciences. The Creator of this species is considered to be Galileo Galilei. In addition, he also laid the foundations of experimental science. Later, they found use in a large number of physicists that contributed to the consolidation of the fame. Their essence lies in the fact that the researcher puts forward a bold assumption, the truth of which is uncertain. Then from hypotheses using deductive method the results derived. This process continues until, when not received such approval to be able to compare with experience. If empirical testing confirms its value, it is concluded that the original hypothesis was correct.

What components you have to possess a scientific theory?

There are many classifications. To avoid confusion, we will use the one you suggested Shvyrev. It is obligatory are the following:

  • The Original empirical basis. This includes recorded up to this point the facts and knowledge which was obtained as the result of experiments and require justification.
  • The Initial theoretical basis. By this is meant the set of primary axioms, postulates, assumptions and General laws, which together will allow us to describe the idealized object of consideration.
  • Logic. It is understood the establishment of a framework for insights and evidence.
  • A Set of assertions. These include the evidence, which constitute the bulk of existing knowledge.

Usage

It Should be noted that theory is the basis for the justification of a number of processes and various practices. And formed they will simultaneously practical experience and on the basis of analytical thought. Therefore, there are, for example, different types of theory of state and law. And it is worth noting that the same entity can be described from different points of view, and its characteristics, respectively, will vary.

modern theory

Something where it lends itself to standardization, as evidenced by the types of economic theory, and over time provides an indication of the new directions. However, a number of provisions within them still attracts fans to criticize. Although some of the assumptions (and eventually foundations in science) sometimes you just need to accumulate a certain amount of knowledge. Before was created the theory of the origin of man Lamarck and Darwin, were conducted extensive classification of organisms. The study of such features does the history of science. As shown by this discipline, the full development of the theory (including its modification, updating, improvement and extrapolation to new areas) time may take more than one century.

The Truth

An Important characteristic of any theory is its practical confirmation, which depends on the degree of its validity. Here, for example, we have a political theory that says that in this situation it is necessary to act in this certain way. If there is no practical confirmation or refutation of its effectiveness, the decision on its application rests with people in positions of power.

theory of science

And in the case when there is a certain validity about her, it is already possible to study the existing experience and make an appropriate decision about whether or not to implement it. In this great service provides the theory analysis. Thanks to the developed in the framework of the methodology using the scientific method, to calculate the probability of successful implementation, but also to find a place “pitfalls”.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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