Pavel Nikolaevich Milyukov, biography, political activity and work which are the subject of this review, was the most prominent and the largest representative of Russian liberalism at the turn of the 19-20-th centuries. His career and historical works is significant in the sense that reveal the features of the development era of this time, when our country has experienced a severe domestic and foreign political upheavals that changed the course of development in all the subsequent century.
Pavel Milyukov was born in 1859 in Moscow. He was descended from a noble family, received a good education at the Moscow school. Then he entered the historical-philological faculty at Moscow University, where he was fond of history. His teachers were Vinogradov and Kliuchevskoi. The latter is largely determined by the interests of the future scientist, although they had differing views on the history of Russia. Also at this time he was influenced by another prominent historian of that time – Soloviev. At the same time, Pavel Milyukov was fascinated by the ideas of liberation, for which later he was in trouble with the police.
A Large influence on him of the historical concepts of his teachers. However, in selecting the theme of master thesis a future historian strongly disagreed with his teacher Kliuchevskoi. Pavel Milyukov has developed its own concept of the history of Russia. According to him, its development was determined by the action of several factors. He denied the principle of separation of any one the start in the definition of tendencies of development of historical process.
The Scientist gave great importance to the topics of borrowing and national identity of peoples. He believed that normal development is possible in the context of cultural dialogue between countries and peoples. Pavel Milyukov believed that the peculiarity of the history of Russia was that it sought to reach Western European levels of development. The researcher claimed that a major role in the development of society played by the state. He believed it largely determined the formation of social order and social institutions.
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This issue has occupied an important place in the historical concepts Solovyov and klyuchevskiy. They gave fundamental importance to the geographical conditions of residence of the people, climate, waterways on the development of trade and economy. Pavel Milyukov took the idea Solovyov about the struggle of forest and steppe in Russia's history. It is, however, based on the latest archaeological research, largely adjusted the design of his teacher. He took part in archaeological excavations, went in the expedition, moreover, was a member of the geographical science of society, so that the resulting knowledge has helped re-cover this interesting topic in science.
Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich for his work, chose the theme of the Petrine reforms. However, his teacher advised him to study diplomas Northern Russian monasteries. The scientist refused, and that was the reason for their quarrel during the protection operation, which was called “State economy in Russia in the first quarter of the eighteenth century and the reform of Peter the Great”. In it, he argued the idea that the first Emperor spent his transformative activity spontaneously, without premeditated plan. According to the researcher, all his reforms were dictated by the needs of war. In addition, Miliukov Pavel Nikolaevich believed that his conversion in the public sphere was defined by the need for tax and financial reforms. For this work, members of the academic Council wanted to give the candidate a doctorate degree, however, we opposed this decision Klyuchevskaya, which led to the rupture of their friendly relations.
A Large importance in the development of Milyukov as a historian played his part in archaeological expeditions. He went to Bulgaria, where he taught history, and was also engaged in excavations. In addition, he lectured in Chicago, Boston, and some European cities. He has also taught in the Moscow educational institutions, however, participation in liberal circles lost his job. In 1904-1905 he is actively involved in the social movement: for example, he takes part in the Paris conference, the organization is “the Union of liberation”, “the Union of unions” in the European countries. This active social and political position determined the fact that he led the party, when Russia was created the State Duma.
Milyukov, Pavel, the leader of the cadet party, was one of the most famous political figures of the era. He held moderately liberal views and believed that Russia should be a constitutional monarchy. During these years his name was one of the most famous and at the same time in a loudthe socio-political life.
The Latter circumstance is explained by the fact that he was making loud declarations and accusations. He and his followers positioned themselves as the opposition to the tsarist government. During the First world war advocated the preservation of commitments to allies, that is, the conduct of hostilities until the end. He later accused the country's leadership is in cahoots with the Germans, which largely contributed to the sharp intensification of oppositional moods in society.
After the February revolution he became Minister of foreign Affairs in the Provisional government. Being in this position, he continued to make loud speeches about the necessity of waging war to win. He was a supporter of the transition of the black sea Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles to Russia. However, these statements did not bring him popularity at the time: on the contrary, his statement led to the growth of opposition in a society that is war weary, and took advantage of the Bolsheviks, triggering demonstrations against the government.
This led to the fact that the leader of the cadet party resigned, however, adopted a more humble post of Minister of education. He supported the Kornilov movement, was elected to the Constituent Assembly, which never began the work. After this event he emigrated to Europe, where he continued his active social-political activities, and also engaged in the publication and reprinting of their works.
Prominent among the Russian emigration took Miliukov, Pavel Nikolaevich. “the Story of the second Russian revolution”, one of his works, written in exile, is proof that he is abroad very much alive and sensitive to what is happening in our country change. At first he was a supporter of the armed opposition to the Bolsheviks, but later changed his view and asserted that it was necessary to undermine the new system from the inside. For this, many of his followers departed from him. In exile scholar edited the main paper of the Russian intelligentsia - the “Latest news». Despite their opposing views, the historian, however, supported the foreign policy of Stalin, in particular approved of the war with Finland. During the Second world war, he supported the Patriotic sentiments and supported the actions of the red Army.
Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich, whose books have become the appreciable phenomenon in the Russian historiography, in exile took the reissue of one of the main labors of his life, devoted to the history of Russia. Several volumes of “Essays on the history of Russian culture" became a notable event in the history of science. The author considered the historical process as a combination of several social phenomena: schools, religion, and political system. He attached great importance to the borrowing country's standards of Western Europe.
Among the publications policy can also be called the essay "Living Pushkin" collections of articles "From the history of the Russian intelligentsia" and "the Year of struggle", the book "Armed peace and arms limitation", and others.
Milyukov, Pavel, “Memories” which summed up his life, died in 1943. This work remained unfinished, however, it is important to understand the personality of the historian. He wrote it from memory, not having at hand any archival material, since its library in Paris was sealed. However, relying on his memory, he accurately gave the path of development as a scientist and public figure.
Milyukov left a noticeable trace in science and public life. His works are an important part of national historiography. The theory of the scientist about the socio-historical process is the original, and although he followed the ideas of the public school and his teacher, however, departed from their views on many points. It should be noted that his social and political activities affected his historical works. His style and language can not be called purely scientific: they periodically slips journalistic vocabulary. Political activity Miliukov was quite loud, so you can say that he left and in social and political thought mark.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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