Glial cell. Functions and features of glial cells

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2018-03-24 19:02:12

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The Nervous system consists not only of neurons and their processes. 40% it is represented by glial cells, which play an important role in her life. They literally restrict the brain and nervous system from the rest of the environment of the organism and ensures its Autonomous operation, what is really important to humans and other animals have a Central nervous system. Moreover, glial cells are capable of dividing, which distinguishes them from the neurons.

The General concept of glia

The Combination of glial cell called neuroglia. This is a special cell population that reside in the Central nervous system and the periphery. They support the form the brain and spinal cord and provide it with nutrients. It is known that in the Central nervous system due to the presence of the blood brain barrier no immune reactions. However, when entering a foreign antigen in the brain or spinal cord and in the cerebrospinal fluid of glial cell, the reduced analog of macrophage peripheral tissues, phagocytose it. Moreover, the separation of the brain from peripheral tissues provides the neuroglia.

Brain protection

The Brain, where it takes a lot of biochemical reactions, and therefore mass produced immunogenic substances must be protected from humoral immunity. It is important to understand that the neural tissue of the brain is very susceptible to damage, after which the neurons are restored only partially. So the emergence of places in the Central nervous system, which will host local immune response, will lead to the death of some surrounding cells or demyelination processes of neurons.

On the periphery of the body is damage to the somatic cells will soon be filled with newly formed. And in the brain to restore the function of lost neurons is impossible. And that neuroglia restricts the brain from contact with the immune system, for which the Central nervous system – it is a huge number of foreign antigens.

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Classification of glial cells

Glial cells are divided into two types depending on the morphology and origin. Isolated microglial cells and macroglia. The first type of cells originates from the mesodermal sheet. Are small cells with numerous processes that are able to phagocytose particulate matter. Macroglia is a derivative of the ectoderm. Glial cell of microglia is divided into several types depending on the morphology. Isolated ependymal and astrocytic cells, and oligodendrocytes. These types of cell populations are also divided into several types.

Ependymal glial cell

Ependymal glial cells are found in specific areas of the Central nervous system. They form the endothelial lining of the cerebral ventricles and the Central spinal canal. Their origin in embryogenesis they take from the ectoderm, and therefore represent a special kind of neuroepithelium. It has multiple layers and performs a number of functions:

  • Reference: is the mechanical frame of the ventricles, which is also supported by the hydrostatic pressure of the liquor;
  • Secretion: secretes the cerebrospinal fluid some chemical substances;
  • Boundary: separates brain tissue from CSF.

Types of ependencies

Among ependencies has its types. This pandemicity 1-St and 2-nd order and tonicity. First form the initial (basal) layer of ependymal shell, and ependimotsity lay the second layer over them. It is important that ependymal glial cell 1-th order involved in the education gematogenka barrier (between the blood and the internal environment of the ventricles). Ependimotsity 2-nd order have fibers oriented in the direction of the current CSF. There are also tonicity, which constitute the receptor cells.

Glial cell

They are located in the lateral areas of the bottom of the 3rd brain ventricle. Having microvilli on the apical side and a single bone in the basal, they can transmit information to the neurons on the composition of the CSF fluid. At the same time the CSF via the numerous small slit-like opening between pandimonium 1-St and 2-nd order can go directly to neurons. This allows to say that ependyma is a special type of epithelium. Its functional, but not morphological analogue to the periphery of the body – the endothelium of blood vessels.

Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes – types of glial cells that surround the neuron and its processes. They are found both in the Central nervous system and the peripheral mixed and autonomic nerves. Themselves oligodendrocytes represent polygonal cells equipped with 1-5 branches. They interlock with each other, isolating the neuron from the internal environment of the body and ensures nerve conduction and waveform generation. There are three types of oligodendrocytes, which differ in morphology:

  • The Central cell, located near the body brain neuron;
  • Satellite cage surrounding the body of the neuron in peripheral ganglia;
  • Schwann cell covering of the neuronal process and forming its myelin sheath.

Glial cells are found in the

Oligodendrocitarnyi glial cells are found both in the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Moreover, it is unknown what distinguishes a satellite cell fromCentral. Given that the genetic material in all body cells, except sex, it is the same, it is likely that these oligodendrocytes can mutually replace each other. Functions of oligodendrocytes following:

  • Aparna;
  • Solarola;
  • Razdelitel;
  • Tropicheskaya.

Types of glial cells

Astrocytes

Astrocyte – glial brain cells, which make up the medulla. They have a stellate shape and are usually small in size, although they are more than microglial cells. There are only two types of astrocytes: fibrous and protoplasmic. The first type of cell is white and the gray matter of the brain, although they are much more in white.

Glial cells of the brain

This means that they are most common in those areas where there are significant numbers of myelinated neuronal processes. Protoplasmic astrocyte – glial cells: are found in white and gray matter of the brain, but significantly more in the gray. Hence, their function is to create support for bodies of neurons and the structural organization of the blood-brain barrier.

Types of glial cells

Microglia

Microglial cells – the last type of glial. However, unlike all other cells of the Central nervous system they have a mesodermal origin and constitute special types of monocytes. Their precursors are stem cells in the blood. Because of the peculiarities of the structure of neurons and their processes in the immune response in the Central nervous system answer just glial cells. And their functions are almost similar to those of tissue macrophages. They are responsible for phagocytosis and recognition and antigen presentation.

Glial cells and their functions

Microglia contains special types of glial cells, which have receptors cluster of differentiation, which confirms their bone marrow origin and implementation of the immune functions in the CNS. They are also responsible for the development of demyelinating diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. However, the cell itself – it's just a way of realization of pathological process. So, probably, when will be able to find the mechanism of activation of microglia, are suppressed with the processes of development of these diseases.


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BE: https://tostpost.com/be/zdaro-e/7381-glial-naya-kletka-funkcy-asabl-vasc-glial-nyh-kletak.html

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ES: https://tostpost.com/es/la-salud/7387-glial-naya-de-la-c-lula-la-funci-n-y-caracter-sticas-de-las-c-lulas-gl.html

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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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