Organs of the immune system. Immune system function

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2018-03-25 08:52:20

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The Immune system is a set of special tissues, organs and cells. This is quite a complex structure. Next, look at what elements enter into its composition, and what are the functions of the immune system. the organs of the immune system

General information

The Main functions of the immune system – extermination of foreign compounds, trapped in the body, and protection against various pathologies. The structure represents a barrier to infections fungal, viral, bacterial nature. When a person's immunity is weak or fails in its work, increasing the likelihood of penetration of foreign agents into the body. The result can be various diseases.

Historical background

The Concept of "immunity" was introduced into science by the Russian scientist Mechnikov and Ehrlich German figure. They researched existing protective mechanisms that aktiviziruyutsya in the process of the body to fight different pathologies. First of all scholars interested in the response to infection. In 1908 their work in the study of immune responses was awarded the Nobel prize. In addition, a significant contribution to research made and the writings of the Frenchman, Louis Pasteur. He developed the technique of vaccination against certain infections, representing a danger to humans. Initially it was believed that the protective structures of the body direct their activity only at eliminating infections. However, subsequent studies of an Englishman Medawar proved that the immune mechanisms triggered by the invasion of any foreign substance, and generally react to any malicious interference. Today, under a protective structure mostly understand the body's resistance to various kinds of antigens. Moreover, the immune system – it is a response of the body, aimed not only at destruction but also to eliminate "enemies". If it were not for the protective forces of the organism, then people would not be able to exist normally in the environment. The presence of immune allows, coping with illnesses, live to be old. the organs of the immune system diagram

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Organs of the immune system

They are divided into two large groups. The immune system is Central involved in the formation of protective elements. The people in this part of the structure includes the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral organs of the immune system is an environment where Mature protective elements neutralize antigens. In this part of the structure consists of lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue in the digestive tract. It is also established that the protective properties of the skin and neuroglia of the CNS. In addition to the above, there are also nutriberries and zaparennye tissues and organs of the immune system. The first category includes the skin. Zaparennye tissues and organs of the immune system: the Central nervous system, eyes, testes, and fetus (during pregnancy), the parenchyma of the thymus.

Task structure

Immunocompetent cells in the lymphoid structures are mainly represented by lymphocytes. They recirculate between the components of protection. It is assumed that they will not be returned to the bone marrow and in the thymus. The functions of the immune system organs the following:

  • The creation of conditions for the maturation of lymphocytes.
  • Connection of populations of protective elements, scattered by the organism, organ system.
  • Regulation of interaction of representatives of different classes of macrophages and lymphocytes in the process of implementing the protection.
  • Ensure timely transportation of items to affected areas.immune system organs

Next we shall consider the organs of the immune system.

Lymph node

This element is formed by soft tissues. The lymph node has an oval shape. Its size is 0.2-1.0 cm it contains immunocompetent cells in large quantity. Education has a special structure which allows to form a large surface for the exchange of lymph and blood flowing through the capillaries. The latest comes from arterioles and leaves via venule. In the lymph node occurs, immunization cells and the formation of antibodies. In addition, the formation filters foreign agents and small particles. In the lymph nodes in each area of the body has its own set of antibodies.

Spleen

Outwardly, it resembles a large lymph node. Above are the basic functions of the immune system organs. The spleen performs some other tasks. For example, in addition to the production of lymphocytes, it is filtered the blood, and stored its elements. Here is the destruction of old and defective cells. The mass of the spleen is around 140-200 grams. Its lymphoid tissue is presented in the form of a network of reticular cells. They are located around the sinusoids (blood capillaries). Basically, the spleen filled with red blood cells or leukocytes. These cells are not in contact with each other, change in composition and quantity. With the reduction of the smooth muscle capsule of the strands occurs in the ejection of a number of moving parts. The result is a reduction in spleen volume. This whole process is stimulated under the influence of noradrenaline and adrenaline. These compounds are postganglionic sympathetic fibers or brain portion of the adrenal glands. the peripheral organs of the immune system

Bone marrow

Thisitem is a soft spongy tissue. It is located within flat and tubular bones. The Central organs of the immune system produce the necessary elements, which are then distributed to areas of the body. In the bone marrow produces thrombocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes. Like other blood cells, they become Mature after acquire immune competence. In other words, on their membranes formed receptors that characterize the similarity of an element with others of his kind. In addition to bone marrow, creating the conditions for the acquisition of protective properties of such bodies immune system, like tonsils treatment, Peyer's patches of the intestine, the thymus. In the latter there is the maturation of b lymphocytes, having a huge number (hundred, two hundred times greater than that of T-lymphocytes) of microvilli. The bloodstream is carried out through the vessels, which include the sine wave. Through the bone marrow penetrate not only the hormones, proteins and other compounds. Sinusoids are the channels of movement of blood cells. When the stress current is reduced by almost half. When calm, the blood flow increases to eight times the volume.

Peyer's patches

These elements are concentrated in the intestinal wall. They are aggregations of lymphoid tissue. The main role belongs to the circulatory system. It consists of lymphatic ducts that connect the nodes. This fluid is transported. It has no color. In the liquid there are a large number of lymphocytes. These elements protect the body from diseases. the organs of the immune system

Thymus

It is also called the thymus gland. In the thymus the reproduction and maturation of lymphoid elements. The thymus gland performs endocrine functions. Of its epithelium into the blood secretes thymosin. In addition, thymus – immunoproteasome body. It is the formation of T-lymphocytes. This process is due to the division of items that have receptors for foreign antigens penetrating into the body in childhood. The formation of T-lymphocytes is out of proportion to their numbers in the blood. Does not affect the process and content of the antigens. Young people and children, the thymus is more active than the older people. Over the years, the thymus gland decreases in size, and her work becomes not so fast. Suppression of T-lymphocytes occurs under stress conditions. It could be, for example, cold, heat, emotional stress, blood loss, starvation, excessive exercise. People exposed to stressful situations, the immune system is weak.

Other elements

The organs of the immune system and the Appendix. It is called "the intestinal tonsil". Under the influence of changes in the performance of the initial division of the colon changes and the amount of limukani. Organs of the immune system, the scheme of which is located below, also include tonsils. They are located on both sides of the pharynx. Tonsils are the small accumulations of lymphoid tissue.Central immune system

Main defenders of the body

The Above-described secondary and Central organs of the immune system. The scheme presented in the paper, shows that its structure is distributed throughout the body. The main defenders are lymphocytes. These cells are responsible for the destruction of diseased elements (neoplastic, infected, pathological, hazardous) or of microorganisms. The most important are considered to be of T - and b-lymphocytes. Their work is carried out in combination with other immune cells. They prevent the invasion of foreign substances into the body. At the initial stage is in some way "teaching" T cells to distinguish between normal (native) proteins from the alien. This process occurs in the thymus in childhood, because during this period the thymus gland is most active. Central immune system

Protection of the body

I Should say that the immune system was formed during the long evolutionary process. Today this structure acts as a well-oiled machine. It helps the person to cope with the negative influence of surrounding conditions. The tasks of the structures is not only detection, but elimination has penetrated into the body of foreign agents, as well as the decay products of pathologically changed elements. The immune system has the ability to determine a large amount of debris and microorganisms. The main purpose of the structure is the preservation of the integrity of the internal environment and its biological individuality.

Recognition

How the immune system identifies "enemies"? This process occurs at the gene level. Here we should say that each cell has its own, characteristic only for the person's genetic information. It analyzes the protective structure in the discovery process of penetration into the body or modifications in it. If the genetic information got an agent coincides with his own, so it's not the enemy. If not, then, respectively, is a foreign agent. In immunology "enemies" are called antigens. After detection of the protective structure includes mechanisms, starts a "fight". For each antigen, the immune system produces specific cells –antibodies. They bind to antigens and neutralize them.

Allergic reaction

It is one of the protection mechanisms. This condition is characterized by increased reaction to allergens. These "enemies" include the items or compounds that have a negative impact on the body. Allergens are external and internal. The first include, for example, food, take in food, pharmaceuticals, and various chemicals (deodorants, perfumes, etc.). Internal allergens – tissue of the body, usually with changed properties. For example, burns protective system perceives the dead as an alien structure. In this regard, it begins to produce antibodies against them. The same can be considered a reaction to the stings of bees, bees, wasps and other insects. Allergic reactions can occur consistently or vigorously. a child's immune system

Child's Immune system

Its formation begins in the first weeks of gestation. The child's immune system continues to develop after birth. Bookmark basic security elements implemented in the thymus and bone marrow of the fetus. While the baby is in the womb, his body is found with a small number of microorganisms. In this regard, its protective mechanisms are inactive. Before birth the baby is protected from infections with immunoglobulins of the mother. If it will adversely affect any of the factors, the correct formation and development of the protection of the child can be violated. After birth in this case, the child may get sick more often than other children. But things can happen differently. For example, during pregnancy the mother may transfer an infectious disease. And the fetus can form strong immunity to this disease.

After the birth of the body is attacked by a huge number of microbes. The immune system to resist them. During the first years of life, protective structures of the body undergo a kind of "training" to recognize and destroy antigens. Along with this is memorization of contact with microorganisms. In the end, a "immunological memory". It is necessary to more quickly react to already known antigens. We must assume that the immune system of the newborn is weak, he is not always able to cope with the danger. In this case, come to the aid of antibodies received in utero from the mother. They are present in the body for approximately the first four months of life. Over the next two months proteins derived from the mother, are gradually destroyed. In the period from four to six months the baby is most susceptible to disease. Intensive formation of the immune system of the child up to seven years. In the development process of the body to meet new antigens. The immune system during this period, trained and prepared for adult life.

How to help fragile body?

Experts recommend to take care of the immune system of the child before birth. This means that a expectant mother need to strengthen its protective structure. In the antenatal period the woman should eat right, take specific minerals and vitamins. Moderate exercise is also important for immunity. The child in the first year of life it is necessary to obtain mother's milk. It is recommended to continue breastfeeding until at least 4-5 months. With milk in the baby's body to penetrate the protective elements. During this period they are very important for the immune system. The child can even bury the milk in the nose during an epidemic of influenza. It contains a lot of useful links and will help your child cope with the negative factors.

Additional methods

Training the immune system may be implemented in various ways. The most common are hardening, massage, exercise in a well ventilated room, sun and air baths, swimming. There are also various tools for immunity. One of them is vaccination. They have the ability to enhance the defense mechanisms, stimulate the production of immunoglobulins. With the introduction of special serums produces memory cells to the administered material. Another remedies for immunity – special medication. They stimulate the activity of protective structures of the body. These medications are called immune system of the body. This interferon preparations (“Laferon”, “IFN”), interferonogene (“Poludan”, “Abrisol”, “Prodigiozan”), stimulants leykopoeza — “Methyluracil”, “Pentoxy" of Immunostimulants of microbial origin — “Prodigiozan”, “During”, “rutaskorbin Rue "Belmedpreparaty" ”, Immunostimulants of plant origin — tincture of schisandra, Siberian ginseng extract, vitamins and more. etc.

To Assign these funds can only immunologist or pediatrician. Self-administration of drugs of this group is not highly recommended.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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