Thoracic duct lymph: anatomy. The lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels

In the human body has 3 types of blood vessels. Each of them performs vital functions. These include arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. All these formations are located throughout the body. Lymphatic and venous vessels collect fluid from each anatomical education. When the blockage occurs a material breach. It is therefore important for the outflow of biological fluids have been carried out.

Thoracic Duct lymph – what kind of authority?

As you know, the lymphatic education refers to the organs of the immune system. It is very important, because of its work depends on the ability to fight against various infectious agents. One of the most important organs this system is considered thoracic duct lymph. Its length ranges from 30 to 40 cm the Main purpose of the on – is the collection of lymph from all of the anatomical structures.

On the histological structure of the thoracic duct resembles the venous tissue. Its internal surface is lined by endothelium (and other vessels). Fabric also includes elastic and collagen fibers. In the inner lining of the duct includes a valve. With their help, the lymph moves up. The middle layer of the thoracic duct presents a smooth muscle tissue. This maintains tone and are reduced on. The outside of the duct consists of connective tissue fibers. At the level of the diaphragm wall of the organ is thickened.

The Structure of the lymphatic system

The Lymphatic system plays an important role in the body. It is necessary for protection against harmful substances. Thoracic duct lymph and blood vessels and nodes are organs of the immune system. Therefore, the development of inflammation these formations begin to work harder than rhythm. In addition, the lymphatic organs are closely associated with the cardiovascular system. Thanks to them, the nutrients enter the bloodstream. This system is represented by the following bodies:

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1. Lymphatic capillaries. In structure these structures are similar to veins, but their walls are thinner. Capillaries are found in every organ and form a network. They become interstitial fluid, as well as all the essential proteins and fats.
2. Lymph nodes. They are located in close proximity of each body in the course of the veins and arteries. In the nodes cleansing lymph – filter. Harmful and toxic substances are inactivated. Nodes are organs of the immune system, as they are produced by lymphocytes. These cells are needed to combat infectious agents.
3. Lymphatic vessels. They connect the capillaries and nodes between them. Further, the vessels are sent to the larger formations – ducts. There accumulates a large amount of lymph collected from all organs. Then by its processing, after which it falls into the venous system. The thoracic duct collects lymph fluid from the left upper half of the trunk and internal organs.
4. Spleen. Performs the functions of a depot of blood.
5. Right lymphatic duct. It collects the liquid from the remaining anatomical structures. Among them – the right upper limb, half of the head and neck.
6. Thymus-the thymus gland. This organ is well developed in children. In it the formation of immune cells-T lymphocytes.
7. Almond.
8. Lymph-the fluid that circulates through the vessels and the trunks, which flows into the ducts.

All of them are interrelated. Damage to one of the links lymphatic system disorders affect other components. In the result, disturbances occur in the body.

The Course of the thoracic lymphatic duct anatomy

In the formation of the thoracic duct is involved, the left and right lumbar lymphatic trunk. That is, the body is formed in the retroperitoneal space. Where the thoracic lymphatic duct begins and where it flows? The right and left trunks merge with each other at the level between the last (12th) thoracic and 2 lumbar vertebrae. Some people in thoracic duct empties into another 1-3 of the vessel. This intestinal trunks, carrying lymph from the nodes of the mesentery.

At the level of the diaphragm the flow is divided into 2 parts-abdominal and thoracic. The first network is formed by the mesenteric, lumbar, and celiac lymph nodes. In most cases, the ventral portion of the duct has a conical (anulowana) extension-tank. This anatomical formation connects with the right leg of the diaphragm. So when breath lymph is pushed up.

Part of the Thoracic duct begins at the level of the aortic orifice located in the diaphragm. Reaching 3-5 vertebra, the vessel is rejected to the left. In the course of the duct flow into it bronchomediastinal, jugular and subclavian lymph trunks. They collect the fluid from the left hand half of the thorax, neck and head. At 7 vertebral vessel arc. Then the thoracic lymphatic duct empties into the left venous angle. At the mouth of the vessel there is a valve. It is necessary to prevent reflux of blood from the venous system.

Location thoracic lymph duct

The Topographythoracic lymphatic duct – this is the location of the body relative to other anatomical structures. The ventral portion of this large vessel lies behind the esophagus and anterior to the vertebral column. Penetrating into the chest cavity, enters duct in the posterior mediastinum. There it is located between the aorta and the azygos vein. At the level of 2-3 thoracic vertebrae duct out of the esophagus and rises above.

Front are located: the left subclavian Vienna, common carotid artery and the vagus nerve. Thus, the body is in the upper mediastinum. The left duct is the pleura, from behind – the spine, and the right – the esophagus. The arc of the thoracic duct is formed at the level of the vessels – the jugular vein and the common carotid artery. She goes around the pleural dome, and then goes into the mouth. There body empties into the left venous angle.

Function of the thoracic lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct performs the following functions:

1. The Main purpose of the body – collecting interstitial fluid from the internal organs and the left half of the body.
2. Transfer the necessary proteins in the venous system.
3. In intestinal lymphatic vessels also penetrate and fats. Then they enter the bloodstream.
4. Filtration of lymph. The nodes and ducts of the fluid is cleaned of harmful substances.
5. Education of b lymphocytes that provide protective function of the body.

It is Worth noting that the thoracic duct may not act independently. Its functions are carried out with the coordinated work of all parts of the immune system.

Location of lymphatic vessels in the body

Assuming how the anatomy of the thoracic lymphatic duct, it is possible to understand, where are the vessels. They are located throughout the body. Vascular lymphatic plexus depart from all anatomical structures. Then they go in the course of the veins and arteries. Near every body, there are groups of lymph nodes. Their biological liquid enriched with immune cells. Of the nodes are formed of the efferent vessels, which flow into lymphatic trunks. In turn, these formations merge into the right and the thoracic duct. Further there is a connecting lymphatic and blood vessels.

Defeat of the thoracic duct: symptoms

Depending on the level of the lesion of the lymphatic duct may experience different symptoms. This authority applies to large anatomical structures, so the trauma of this vessel requires urgent surgical care. Under defeat is also implied obstruction of duct or inflammation of its walls. If you experience the following symptoms:

1. Muscle Pain and weakness.
2. Neuralgia.
3. Functional disorders of the bowel, stomach and esophagus.
4. Weight Loss or, alternatively, weight gain.
5. Inflammatory diseases of ENT-organs and the membranes of the brain.
6. Metabolic disorders.
7. Skin diseases.
8. Hair Loss on the affected side.
9. Arrhythmia.

Diseases of the lymphatic vessels and nodes: diagnosis

Inflammatory diseases of the lymph vessels and nodes they increase in size. This may experience redness and local temperature rise. Nodes become denser, palpation marked discomfort. If you suspect cancer processes in lymphatic organs, a biopsy and histological analysis. Also to the diagnostic procedures include ultrasonography, computed tomography.

Which doctor to contact in case of suspected disease of the thoracic duct?

With frequent inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, skin, muscles, and intercostal nerves should consult a doctor. To diagnose the pathology of the thoracic duct by using special research lymphography. If you suspect inflammation or cancer should consult a General practitioner, who will refer to the relevant doctor (immunologist, oncologist, physical therapist).