What is a biopsy of the cervix

Nature has given women beauty, charm, sensuality, tenderness. She has created in their body an unusually complex system of sexual organs, through which our planet continues life. For various reasons in any of these organs can occur dozens of diseases. Some of them are less serious, others more, but each needs to be treated. If this is not done, even a very simple illness can turn into a big problem.

One of the most dangerous today is cancer. To defeat this deadly disease, if malignant cells haven't spread throughout the body. Cancer can occur anywhere on the body, including the reproductive system. Timely diagnosis helps women to avoid the very unpleasant consequences of this, and other diseases. One of the basic research methods in our time is a biopsy of the cervix.

If you have appointed we should not think that you have cancer. This analysis is relevant for many problems arising in the mucous membranes is very small, but important body – the cervix. What does the biopsy? How is it performed? Whether her special training? What are the implications of this analysis? In this article you will find answers to your questions concerning the conduct of this study.

The cervix

Every woman has heard about the existence of such a body, but not everyone knows what it is. The cervix, figuratively speaking, is the corridor through which the moving sperms rushing to fertilize the egg. It connects the vagina and the uterine cavity is a short tube length 2.9-4.2 cm width in nulliparous girls of 2.6-2.9 cm and parous about 5 mm longer. The two ends of the cervix is the so-called mouths. One opens into the vagina, the other into the uterus. In the normal position (menopause, there are no pathologies), they are closed.

In Addition to the two sheds in the cervix secrete vaginal and supravaginal parts, as well as the cervical canal opening in the body of the uterus.

Inside the small connecting tube is lined with several layers of cells. In the vaginal part they presented neorogovevayuschy epithelium, with superficial spinous and basal layers. Epithelium every 5 days updated. It consists of several types of cells:

Cylindrical. Located in one layer, bright red in color, have a papillary surface. These cells play an important role – secrete a secret, which moisturizes the genital tract.

Metaplasticity. Located under the cylindrical, formed of them through the transformation. That they often occur cancer. That is for a biopsy of the cervix generally carry out the fence of these cells.

Epithelial Cells lie on a thin basement membrane that separates it from the connective tissue.

Notion biopsy

This term refers to the extracted biopsy (tissues or individual cells) from a living person. There is also an autopsy – the study of the tissues of the dead. Biopsy is the most accurate method of examining tissue. It is performed with powerful microscopes. Studies can be performed in two ways:

• Histological. For this method, take organ tissue. Dehydrate them first with a special solution, and then make girorastvorimie, impregnated with paraffin, which after hardening is cut into layers with a width of about 3 microns. Prepared in this way samples placed on a laboratory glass slide and by different technologies detect the presence or absence of pathological changes.
• Cytological. It is more gentle and less traumatic method of taking biopsy the suspicious area of the body is taken only cells, not pieces of tissue. What Cytology is often done with biopsy of the cervix. The procedure consists in taking smears from the mucosa of this organ. Performs analysis of the morphologist. Cytoscape less informative and not as accurate as histology.

Indications for biopsy

Each woman is obliged at least once a year to visit the gynecologist. As a rule, the doctor conducts instrumental examination (using mirrors and a colposcope) and takes a swab. If necessary, he appoints the patient tests.

Cervical Biopsy – a procedure that is performed in exceptional cases. Indications for this study are such pathology in the cervix.

• Ectopia (changes of pathological nature in the lining of the cervix).
• Dysplasia (violation of tissue and cellular structures). Is considered a precancerous condition.
• Very often assigned a biopsy of the cervix with erosions. Suspicion should arise if they are friable or bleeding. But for reassurance doctors often prescribe the procedure of taking a biopsy with the erosion of any type.
• Leukoplakia (actinic, thickening of the epithelium).
• Polyps.
• Warts (warts on the genitals).
• There are areas not to be painted with iodine (called iodine-negative).
• Changes in the epithelium, referred to as rough mosaic.
• Identified by a smear for Cytology atypical cells.
• Colority (cells with detected HPV.
The
• There are areas of the epithelium, overlayment acetic acid.
• Changes of the epithelium, detected at colposcopy.
• Atypical cells in the epithelium.
• Atypical vessel and don't react on contact with acetic acid.

Preparation

It Should be said that a biopsy of the cervix is preceded by a serious preparatory stage, during which you need to pass the following tests:

• HIV.
• For chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.
• Hepatitis.
• For syphilis (RW).
• Blood in common.
• Blood clotting.
• A Smear on the microflora of the vagina and cervix.
• Smear for Cytology (PAP called).
• Go through the colposcopy.

If the result of the test revealed the presence of pathogenic microbes, biopsy should be deferred until the time discovered will be cured of the disease.

The Woman should inform the doctor the following information about your health:

• Is or Is not allergic to food, medicines.
• Occur if she or members of her family of periodic spontaneous bleeding.
• What were the earlier surgical intervention.
• A history of hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure.
• The Transfer of previously vein thrombosis and/or thromboembolism of pulmonary arteries.

The day before the upcoming biopsy is required to stop the sex, douching, using tampons and vaginal medications.

On the day of analysis, do not smoke, drink alcoholic beverages, use any means for personal hygiene.

If the planned procedure under General anesthesia, for 12 hours before do not eat or drink any beverages except water.

When is the best time to do a biopsy

Consider the behavior of the cervix in different periods of the cycle?

On 5-7-th days, she bowed low, firm and elastic, clogged mucous plug.

With the 7 th and 12 th days, the cervix is gradually rising, becoming more plastic and malleable.

From the 13th to the 15th days, the cervix becomes loose, slippery and wet.

From the 16th day, she again descends, is hard and elastic.

Many gynecologists believe that the best time for biopsy is the period from 7 th to 12 th days. You can capture and 13th. Then the external cervical OS is slightly opened, which helps to reduce the pain of women when introduced into the body of the Toolkit.

Some doctors prescribe analysis immediately after the menses, and from the 5th to 8th days of the cycle.

To conduct the study, the doctor has to open the outer mouth (from the vagina) so that you can enter in the body of the colposcope. That is why many women when performing a biopsy of the cervix painful. In this case, when the extracted biopsy patients feel a pulling, sometimes radiating to the abdomen, legs and in the ovaries the discomfort. Only among women who already have given birth several times, there are many people who do not experience any negative symptoms when injected into the body of the Toolkit.

This may depend on the pain threshold of each patient, the professionalism of the gynecologist and depending on what day of the menstrual cycle carry out the analysis.

How to make a biopsy of the cervix

The Standard process (without complications) occurs for about 30 minutes. In this case, run these steps:

1. The patient gets comfortable in the gynecological chair.

2. The doctor provides access to the cervix through the vagina special of the speculum.

3. Prepares the surface of the mucosa, which does some manipulation:

- swab with saline purges the abnormal area of mucus;

- does this place iodine (the problem area is not painted in the typical for the substance of brown color);

- inflicts acetic acid (problem areas turn white);

- inserts a colposcope and inspects the surface (the instrument is at the end of the light bulb, allows you to zoom up to 40 times).

These preparatory manipulations can cause the patient discomfort, but to make them necessary.

4. Running the extracted biopsy. How is a biopsy of the cervix depends on the type tool. This issue will be discussed below. Now note that the biopsy is taken from all the problem areas (if multiple).

5. After the procedure, treated with antiseptic cervix, vagina and genitals on the outside.

The Results are being prepared for 2 weeks.

Tools to perform biopsy

In the Arsenal gynecologists there are several types of instrument used for a biopsy. Which one to use depends on the equipment of the clinic and the nature of the problem areas that you should investigate.

1. Biopsy needle. In this type of fence material the anesthesia do not. The patient feels a short pain, like when shot. After a biopsy of the cervix performed in this way, the woman does not feel discomfort. The selection is minimal.

2. Congocom. Some women call this tool tongs because of their resemblance. As of biopsy of the cervix conchotomy? This tool just pinch off bits of flesh. Procedure must be performed with a injection of anesthetic into the cervix, then itis virtually painless. Without anesthesia women feel a nagging pain, radiating to the lower abdomen. The wound after the procedure, the doctor cauterizes. If there is abundant blood selection, inserts the tampon. If bleeding is not much, women manage the regular gasket. Selection may occur a few days.

3. Radiowave biopsy of the cervix. Most often for this procedure, use the device “Surgitron”. It should be done under local anesthesia, but in the reviews women have reported that not all clinics comply with this requirement. Fence biopsy is performed on a gynecological chair. Before the procedure you must do the grounding. Without anesthesia, the process is quite painful because apparatus with a high frequency of radio waves is removed, the surface of the mucosa. Discharge after biopsy of cervix lesions radio-wave method is substantial, continue a week or more. Women feel a pinch (as before menstruation), pain in the lower abdomen.

4. Electric knife. Is a wire heated by electric current. The procedure should also be carried out under local anesthesia.

The Types of biopsy performed under General anesthesia

These procedures are performed in cases when you want to take a large amount of material for research. As a rule, the patient is asked to lie on a couple of days in the hospital.

1. Convena biopsy of the cervix. How to do the procedure this way? It is performed with a scalpel. Anesthesia spinal or epidural. Specialist cuts the biopsy in the form of a triangular piece of flesh. If the area of fence material is significant, the doctor puts a stitch wound on the surface of the cervix. Biopsy taken from the most suspicious pathology sections. Feeling after the procedure many women have complicated the recovery period after anesthesia. The abdomen 7-10 days can be felt pulling pain. Allocations are observed up to two weeks.

2. Laser knife. The procedure is quick. The feeling after it similar to those present after the wedge biopsy, but out of the anesthesia easier.

3. Circular biopsy. Differs in that it captures a very extensive area for research (the mouth of the cervical canal, the vaginal and the supravaginal region). After a biopsy of the cervix captures in blood is always significant, especially in the early days. In moderation allocation observed up to three weeks.

4. Endocervical curettage. It involves the scraping of the mucosa. The tools that perform the procedure – brushes (they do in the cervix) and curtaina spoon. In some cases, this type of research is performed on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. More often, however, endocervical curettage performed in the hospital under General anesthesia. Blood after biopsy of the cervix carried out by this method stands very abundant, especially in the first hours. The strips you can observe up to two weeks.

After the procedure

There are certain rules that must be abide by the woman after a biopsy of the cervix. The consequences in this case will be minimal.

What not to do after the procedure:

• To Use tampons.
• Sex.
• Sauna, swimming pool, beach, Solarium.
• Do douching.
• The Use of vaginal suppositories and other drugs.
• Actively engage in sports.
• Lift and carry heavy loads.
• Take blood thinners. The list includes familiar “Aspirin”.

What to do after the procedure:

• On the first day to secure a peace. The ideal would be in bed. In the future a few days you should avoid prolonged sitting position.
• When the pain to drink "Ibuprofen" "Paracetamol".
• Be Sure every day to wash the genitals (outside).
• To Change pads every 2 hours.
• Drink chamomile teas, calendula, yarrow, fireweed.
• To Consult a doctor if you noticed such things:

-in the secretions have an unpleasant smell.

They spotted blood clots, pus;

-deteriorated General condition, fever, increased pain;

-after a scant secretions started again abundant;

-the color selections al, they are abundant, similar to the bleeding.

Therapy after biopsy

Some women ask after a biopsy of the cervix to take medication to alleviate his condition.

The question was determined by the attending doctor. To prevent infection appoint:

• “Ornidazole” or equivalents a course of 5 days.
• Rectal suppositories “Genferon ® ”.
• After the abundant discharge, the doctor can ascribe vaginal suppositories "Betadine".
• 2 weeks after taking the biopsy prescribe vaginal suppositories “Depantol”.

To indicate the biopsy of the cervix

Again, the analysis is prepared at least two weeks. Many women look forward to it and great excitement, because the biopsy – a major study, which is not assigned unless there is a good reason. Here is the transcript of a biopsy of the cervix:

1. The result is negative. This is the best it can be. This response indicates that the cells of the cervix is not changed or very little changed, which is oftena trivial consequence of inflammation.

2. Background benign metamorphosis in the cells. This means that the woman discovered pathology, not life-threatening, but requires treatment. These include:

• Papilloma. Can be caused by hormonal disorders.
• Polyphonie sprawl. The reason for their appearance also lies in hormonal disruption.
• Pseudo (ectopia). Adolescents is the norm. Without treatment disappears by the age of 25. Further causes of ectopia are birth defects (pregnant women younger than 25 years is also a concern) and genital infections.
• Benign changes in the epithelium. As such they are considered if biopsy cancer cells are not found.
• Endometriosis. Means overgrowth of cells that make up the endometrium. Often this is due to hormonal disruption.
• Endozerwitzit. Means that the cervical canal is inflamed.
• Chronic tservitsit. Biopsy detect elevated white blood cells, degeneration of epithelial cells.

3. Precancerous condition. It's still not fatal, but without treatment, approximately 65% is transformed into cancer. Name of pathology:

• Adenomatosis.
• Erythroplakia.
• Polyps.
• Leukoplakia.
• Warts.
• Cervical Dysplasia.

All these indications in the transcript analysis indicate that in the biopsy detected abnormal cells. They can be in large or small quantities, to affect one or more layers of the epithelium, proliferating or not, but in any case, apoptosis is yet relevant to them.

4. Cancer. This means that in the biopsy discovered cancerous cells. They have multiple changes in the structure, quickly share, undergo apoptosis, are able to penetrate into the neighboring structures. Possible diagnoses:

• Leukoplakia proliferative. When the diagnosis of the areas of the epithelium is thickened and keratinized.
• In atypical epithelium is papillary area.
• Atypical transformation in the area of the cylindrical cells of the epithelium (more than 1/3 of the total).
• The Plot is atypical vascularization. Abnormal growth of blood vessels. As a rule, they do not react to stimuli (vasoconstrictors, acetic acid).
• Intraepithelial carcinoma. Or preinvasive cancer. Metastasis yet, the malignant cells beyond the basement membrane do not come out. This diagnosis means the first stage of cancer of the uterus. Treatment involves removal of only the pathologic area and medical therapy.
• Microcarcinoma. This means non-aggressive cancer. With this diagnosis there is invasion of malignant cells into the surrounding tissue, but they are small, up to 7 mm. At surgery, the patients removed the uterus, one-third of vagina, regional lymph nodes.
• Invasive cancer. The cancer may be large or small, but always have metastases. During surgery to remove the uterus, and all parts with metastases, regional lymph nodes, epididymis. Then spend radiation and medical therapy.

Prices

If you are scheduled for a biopsy of the cervix, do not be afraid. This procedure on a daily basis are hundreds of women and after her stay alive. Remember: such an analysis is necessary first of all to you. To perform the procedure in a regular women's clinic or a private clinic. There is more probability that you will spend with anesthesia. On the results is not affected, but the process will be transferred easier.

Prices for a biopsy of the cervix in different hospitals vary widely, depending on the complexity of the procedures and the category clinics. If to speak about Moscow, the lowest cost - 1225 roubles. At this price this study was conducted in clinics network of IMMA. The high cost of this procedure in the capital – 12 000 rubles. In St.-Petersburg the prices are more affordable and start from 600 rubles.

In conclusion

To Deal with any illness is much easier if it is detected. Lost time is sometimes to patients life. Even if you have a very unfavorable results of the biopsy of the cervix, no need to panic and despair. Treatment of malignant tumors in the organs of the female reproductive system has a good prognosis, especially in the early stages of detection.