The Kuomintang is the Chinese national people's party. Ideologist and organizer of the Kuomintang, sun Yat-sen

The Kuomintang (Chinese national people's party) was the largest of the revolutionary political organization of China until the end of 1930-ies. Its main goal was to unite the States under the authority of the Republican government. Founded by sun Yat-Sen and his followers in 1912, the Kuomintang was the largest party in both chambers of the National Assembly of the recently formed legislative body of China. But when the authoritarian President yuan Shikai was deprived of the National Assembly powers and dismissed him, he declared the party outlawed. The KMT and its leaders began a 15-year struggle for the reunification of China and the restoration of genuine Republican government. The party created its own armed forces – the National revolutionary army, which achieved the reunification of the country in 1927-28. Under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT formed a government and led most part of China until the Japanese occupation in the late 1930s.

History of the party

The Origins of the Kuomintang – nationalist political clubs, literary societies and the group of reformists who were active in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In China they were few in number, secretive and, in addition to talking, not much doing. Outside the country they were more active and visible. Members of them, mostly were students and expatriates.

Two such groups were the society for the revival of China (Injunjoe) sun Yat-sen, which called for the expulsion of foreigners and the formation of a unity government, as well as the Chinese revolutionary Alliance (comenjoy), which advocated the overthrow of the Manchus and land reform.

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These enterprises have fuelled political radicalism and nationalism, which became the driving force behind the 1911 revolution that eventually overthrew the Qing dynasty. Although the KMT has not yet formed, many of its future members in December 1911, he participated in the Congress in Nanjing where the sun Yat-sen was elected the provisional President of new Chinese Republic.

Founding

Officially, the Chinese national people's party was founded in Beijing in late August, 1912, by combining Tannenhof and 5 other nationalist groups. She had become parliamentary and participate in the newly created National Assembly. The chief architect of the organization were sun Zaogeng – he became its first Chairman. But the Creator of the Kuomintang party and its ideological mentor was sen. The organization participated in elections to the National Assembly of the new Republic, held in December 1912 and January 1913 By modern standards, these elections were far from democratic. We were allowed to vote only men over 21 years old who either owned the property or had completed primary education. Only about 6% of all Chinese had the right to register voters. The low turnout in some areas further reduced the number of participants. The members of the Assembly were not elected directly, but chosen appointed by the electors. The process was marred by bribery and corruption.

Election Victory

The Kuomintang Party in both houses took about 45% (269 out of 596 in the House of representatives and 123 of 274 in the Senate). But soon the National Assembly was disenfranchised, unable to exercise any authority or control presidential power of yuan Shikai. Democratic government, representative assemblies and political parties were a new phenomena in China and did not cause the trust or respect. The national Assembly was moved from Nanjing to Beijing, where I was deprived of the support of supporters of the Kuomintang who lived South support yuan Shikai in the North. A large part of the first term of the National Assembly was spent on disputes about how to limit the powers of the President. In March 1913 sun Tsaagan, the parliamentary leader of the Kuomintang and open critic of yuan Shikai, was shot at the railway station in Shanghai. The murder was almost certainly committed by order of the President's supporters, if not by him.

Second revolution

While the President was on the path of dictatorship, the KMT organized an armed uprising, which was later called the Second revolution. In July 1913, the members of the party in four Central and southern provinces (Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan and Guangdong) declared their independence from Beijing. Shikai responded quickly and brutally, sending troops to the South to capture Nanjing. Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee to Japan, as troops loyal to his party, were destroyed or scattered. In recent weeks, 1913 Shikai ordered to deprive the members of the Kuomintang of all government positions. Soon after, the President announced the indefinite dissolution of the National Assembly. The KMT began its transition to the revolutionary movement. Sen spent the next 3 years in Japan, trying to form a strong and disciplined movement. His first attempts were unsuccessful: few believed that the KMT-a party able to confront the President or powerful warlords. In 1917, shortly after the death of yuan Shikai, sen returned to the South of China, where he continued the struggle for the revival of the organization.

Revolutionary struggle

In 1923, sun Yat-sen successfully transformed the Kuomintang of parliamentary parties in an armed revolutionary group. The structure of the organization has become less democratic, more hierarchical, and disciplined. It has also become more authoritarian, as evidenced by the formation of a powerful Executive Committee and the rise of sun Yat-sen to the rank of "Grand Marshal". Now, leading the party and not representing its members, it began to establish links with people and groups who could help him to reunite China and restore Republican government.

Alliance with the Communists

With the support of the southern warlords, the Kuomintang was able to form a Republic in the Guangdong province capital of Guangzhou, near Hong Kong and Macau. Sun Yat-sen also appealed for support from Russian and Chinese Communists. A small group of advisers from the Soviet Union headed by Mikhail Borodin arrived in Guangzhou in early 1923 They consulted the leaders of the KMT on issues of party discipline, military training and tactics. The USSR urged to unite with the young Chinese Communist party founded in Shanghai. Sen agreed and promoted the Union between the Kuomintang and the CCP, later known as the First United front.

Military Academy

The First Congress of the Kuomintang, held in 1924, As one would expect, one of the main priorities of the party was the creation of the armed wing strong enough to suppress the dictatorship. In June 1924, with the support of the Chinese and Soviet Communists in Guangzhou were opened to Huangpu Military Academy. It was a modern school, built on the model of similar institutions in the Soviet Union. It was intended to create a revolutionary army "from scratch”. There were trained and ordinary, however, the main attention was paid to the training of officers. Dozens of graduates of the Academy became known as the commanders of the National revolutionary army (the armed wing of the Kuomintang) and the Communist red Army. The training was conducted by Chinese revolutionaries and Soviet military advisers, sent by the Comintern. The first commandant of the Huangpu was a young protégé Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and the future CCP leader Zhou Enlai was the head of the political Department. By the summer of 1925, the Academy has produced enough military to assemble a new army. In August, the nationalists merged it with four other provincial forces loyal to the Kuomintang. This combined force was dubbed the National revolutionary army and placed under the command of Chiang Kai-shek.

The death of the leader of the party

Another problem facing the KMT in 1925, was who would lead the party after sun Yat-sen. In the previous year, the leader was diagnosed with liver cancer and after several months of constant ill health he died in March 1925. For many years the leadership and authority of Yat-sen played an important role in the unification of Kuomintang. It was extremely fractionated party, combining all the political point of view, from Communists to liberals, from militarists to neo-fascists. The untimely death of Yat-sen at the age of 58 years, left the organization without a single figurehead or obvious successor. Over the next two years, the KMT experienced a power struggle between three potential leaders: the representative of the left wing of van Cinven, conservative Hu Hanninen and militarist Chiang Kai-shek.

Party in power

Gradually, in the years 1926-28 the latter gained control over most of China, eliminating or limiting the autonomy of regional commanders. Nationalist rule became increasingly conservative and dictatorial, but not totalitarian. The three principles of the Kuomintang party formed the basis of her program. This nationalism, democracy and prosperity. The nationalist ideology of the Kuomintang demanded that China regained equality with other countries, but the resistance to the Japanese invasion of 1931-45 he was less decisive than attempts to suppress the Communist party. The realization of democracy through successive adoption of the Constitution in 1936 and 1946 were also largely a myth. No more effective have been attempts to improve the welfare of the people or to eradicate corruption. The failure of the Nationalist party to implement such changes is itself partially stems from the weakness of the leadership and partly because of its unwillingness to radically reform the centuries-old feudal social structure of China.

Evacuation

After the defeat of Japan in 1945, civil war with the Communists was renewed with greater force. In 1949-50 the years after the victory of the latter on the mainland, the army, government officials and refugees in the amount of 2 million people, headed by Chiang Kai-shek went to Taiwan. The faction of the nationalist party, which had supported the CCP on the mainland still exists. Taiwan, including several small Islands off the coast of China, has become an extremely successful country. The nationalists for many years was the only real political force, occupying almost all the legislative, Executive and judicial offices. The first legal opposition to the Kuomintangappeared in 1989, when the Democratic progressive party, established in 1986, won a fifth of seats in the Legislative yuan.

Contemporary politics

The Nationalists remained in power throughout the 1990s, but in 2000 the presidential candidate of the DPP Chen Shui-bian defeated the KMT candidate lien Chan, who took third place. In legislative elections the following year, the party not only lost the majority in the legislature, but conceded in a number of places. In 2004, however, the nationalists and their allies regained control of the legislature, and in 2008 the KMT occupied almost 3/4 of the seats in the legislature, rebuffing the DPP. To resolve long-standing differences of Taiwan with China, the party has adopted a policy of “Three”: no unification, no independence, no military confrontation.