To Answer the question of who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation, is not easy. For this reason there are different opinions. In the descriptions of the Cathedral belonging to the 19th century, was published by legend (not confirmed, however, other sources) on the construction in 1291 wooden Church of the Annunciation Andrei Alexandrovich, Prince, is the son of Alexander Nevsky. Because at this time in Moscow there was a princely court, it necessarily had to be built temple. So there was the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin. Photos of this building in its present form is presented in our article.
However, the Annunciation Cathedral mentioned in the Russian Chronicles only appears in 1397, when from Byzantium to Moscow, the icon was brought under the title "Saved in resize white". The researchers therefore attributed the construction of the stone building of the Cathedral by the end of the 14th century. She either dated 1397 year (Zabelin, Izvekov), or the year 1393 (starlings, Krasovskii).
The Cause of the second date become information that Princess Eudoxia was created in 1395, the Church of the Nativity of the virgin (chapel). It was thought that some had to receive the Prince's temple. In 1405, as reported by the chronicle, the Church began to paint the master Theophanes Grechin, "the man with gorodtsa" Prokhorov and Andrei Rublev. Finished in the same year.
Appears in 1416 a new entry, which refers to the creation of the stone Church of the Annunciation on 18 July.
Other evidence about this monument is based on the rebuilding of the Kremlin ensemble, which took place at the turn of 16-17 centuries. Laying of the new building of the Cathedral took place on 6 may 1484. Ivan III at the time of construction ordered to put up a tent near the Grand Palace for his spiritual father, that he was inseparable from the temple. 5 years later, in 1489 (August 9), the new Church was consecrated by Metropolitan Geronty.
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Ivan III in the late 15th century began construction of a magnificent new residence of the Prince. Built at this time, the new walls of the Kremlin, Uspensky and Annunciation Cathedral. The architects Kryvtsov and Myshkin, built Uspensky, suffered, however, fail. The first attempt made by them, concluded that the walls of the building during the earthquake was destroyed.
Still, who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation? The name of the chief architect we don't know. However, according to one chronicler records that in 1474, it is possible to judge that built Annunciation Cathedral (stone) Pskov masters. The buildings, which are listed in this record, preserved spirit (the Trinity in the Chronicles) the Church, as well as the deposition of the robe in the Kremlin. All of them present the characteristics that distinguish Pskov architecture: pillars, square in plan, elevated arches. Based on these data we can judge about who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation. It was Pskov masters. However, there are also elements of early Moscow: the portals have keeled shape, and the walls are decorated with patterned belt. So definitely say about who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation, it is impossible. He, also, was made of brick, although the main material for construction in Pskov at the time, was white stone. So, despite the fact that the main part of the researchers consider the Cathedral of the Annunciation to the Pskov buildings, some still believe his creation of the Moscow masters.
Today the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow consists of three parts that were built at different times. The basis of it is cross-domed Church, four-column apses. Built in the late 15th century the main volume of copied the plan and, possibly, the dimensions of the temple that existed earlier, in the beginning of this century. The difference between these two constructions lies in the fact that later the temple was surrounded by a gallery-the porch on all sides. It was believed that all but the East was created along with the Cathedral, however, was open until the mid-16th century. Studies related to 60-th years of the 20 century show that the arches on the North and West galleries are lined with the same brick as the Cathedral. Based on this we can assume that they are close in time or simultaneously the main body of the temple. To it on the East side adjoined the Treasury chamber, which was built together with the Cathedral and the 18th century demolished.
The Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow originally crowned three chapters - the two were located over the Eastern corners of the building and one in the center. In the vaults of the galleries in the second half of the 16th century was arranged in four aisles, which also had head. In addition, two more were added on the primary volume. The Cathedral eventually became an. It was produced pyramidal end from the Central section to the heads of the aisles. Emphasize its innovative features and ogee-shaped Gables, located at the main drum. Central Chapter in 1508, was gilded, and later, in the second half of the 16th century, this was done with the other nine. The roof was covered with gilded copper. The Cathedral because of this was called "Golden-domed". The image of the blessed virgin Mary symbolizes devjatiiglaja - nine angelic ordersand the Righteous in Heaven.
The size of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin is small. This is because it was intended primarily for the family of the Prince. Initially the Eastern pillars were joined to the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral, which was only slightly below the existing one. The underlined verticalism proportions distinguishes the Central space. This is a high drum supporting step arch. Vertically, this movement was intensified by the lighting. Blackout was the bottom part and the top flowed the stream of light from the Windows of the drum.
In the Western part are wide choirs, which rely on low massive arches. Their device for the end of the 15th century was already archaic. It is associated, rather, with the purpose of the building as a family temple. It is possible that this is due to the desire to maintain a plan that had a previous building. Also suggested (in the 19th century) that the choirs were intended for representatives of the Royal family during worship. However, it was found that they were originally separated by a wall with a height of about two meters and a thickness of two bricks. Choirs were developed, thus, in a closed space, which is to hear the Liturgy was unusable. They, more likely, could accommodate chapels. Two moves are to them: a spiral staircase from the bottom to the South-West corner of the building, which is located in the thicker walls; and from the Palace, which rests on the arch.
The building of the Cathedral when building is surrounded by porches was. Studied enough of their original appearance and time of occurrence. East (together with the state house) were demolished and the South has lost almost completely its original appearance. The porch, decorated with carvings, leads to the South porch. It is, according to legend, was built for Tsar Ivan the terrible, as he, after the fourth marriage deprived of the right to attend the temple, commanded to attach to the building a porch, which during the service was standing.
The Legend associated with Ivan the Terrible also the appearance of the floor that exists now. It consists of a small silicon blocks interspersed with Jasper and agate. It is believed that Paul was brought from Rostov the Great, this king, where he was once from Byzantium. The porch, which overlooks the North-Eastern area was the front. When the arches of his in 1564, was built a chapel under it to strengthen the construction summed up the pillars, so I lost the ancient forms. The porch was originally similar to the South, it was easier. Its vaults supported by columns with carved capitals. In the thickness of the pillar remained one of them. The staircase was also rebuilt - it was originally a steep and short.
The temple with porches are portals. Western and Northern executed by Italian carvers. South during alterations in 1836 South porch was destroyed, rebuilt in 1949, the remains.
Vasily III, the Grand Duke, who was the heir of Ivan III, who commanded in the beginning of the reign to decorate the beauty icons of the Cathedral silver and gold salaries, and paint it. There is an assumption that the Cathedral was moved to the icons of Andrei Rublev (from old wood) and that was full and a new painting on the exact model earlier. Fedor Adikaev has done this work.
Appeared as the result on the porch in the mural images of various Greek sages, who lived before the birth of Christ (Socrates, Plato, Plutarch, Zeno, Ptolemy, Thucydides, Aristotle) with scrolls in hands that contain sayings similar to Christian ideas. About this painting has many versions. According to one, it's new Fedora Emikeeva. Others believe that the first Metropolitan of Rus origin were Greeks honoured the Holy and wise people, not even Christians.
Many relics kept in the Cathedral of the Annunciation. The image of the Annunciation, rare in its iconographic type was made on the wall of the temple. He represented the Eastern tradition, according to which the virgin was the angel Gabriel at the well in Nazareth, and brought her the glad Tidings that she would be born the Savior.
The Image of all-merciful Saviour was in the vestibule of the Cathedral. According to legend the people from one dignitary received wonderful help. This man who the wrath of a king for themselves, through the prayer of the received return to service, and forgiveness. After that, people waiting for the mercy and the good news, began to come to the image.
Was Kept here and the don icon of the blessed virgin, which after the battle of Kulikovo was presented to Dmitry Donskoy. He blessed this image, according to legend, Sergius of Radonezh. In honor of this icon in the 17th century was built the Donskoy monastery in Moscow. She is now in the Tretyakov gallery.
The history of the bells in the Kremlin also began with the Annunciation Cathedral. Moscow first began to learn even in 1404 the exact time. Then Lazar Serbin, Athonite monk, the wooden (old) Cathedral of the Annunciation was established on the tower of the Palace clock, every hour strikehammer marking time. In 1624 by Russian craftsmen and Shumilo Zhdanov, and Christopher Galova (the Englishman) on the Spasskaya tower established the main clock in the country.
In 1917, in November, the Moscow Cathedral of the Annunciation was badly damaged during the shelling. His porch was destroyed by a shell. After moving to Moscow Bolshevik government, the building was closed. Now in the territory where the Annunciation Cathedral is a Museum. It can be reached, as in the Kremlin for a tour. Sometimes, however, Church services are conducted, because the place is Holy. The Cathedral of the Annunciation April 7 (1993) visits the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. This date marks the feast of the Annunciation. The Patriarch conducts a worship service.
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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."
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