Igneous rocks

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2018-04-02 17:37:09

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To date igneous rocks are the most common rocks that make up approximately 65% of the total volume of the crust. These substances are formed from liquid magma and are a result of crystallization.

Igneous rocks and the mechanism of their formation

For anybody not a secret that the earth is magma — a viscous substance which contains complex silicate complexes enriched with gases and water vapors. The temperature of molten magma in some places can reach 1200 degrees Celsius. As a result of different geological processes (e.g., divergence of tectonic plates, the eruption of volcanoes) molten magma moves towards the earth's surface.

With the rise of the temperature of magmatic material falls — so the processes of crystallization and formation of new minerals. First kristallizuetsya substances with a high melting point — the amphiboles and pyroxenes. This is so as long as the entire mass of magma will not turn into resistant rock.

Igneous rocks and their structure

Rocks differ in their structure, which primarily depends on the speed with which the magma hardens. If the substance is cooled slowly, rising from the earth, this leads to the formation of large crystals. But rapid cooling has the opposite effect — the formation of small crystals.

But most often the ascent and cooling of magma is mixed. Depending on the size of the crystals igneous rocks are divided into:

  • Having ravnodenstvye structure — they consist of crystals of relatively uniform size (e.g., plutonic);
  • With various-grained structure — they are composed of crystals of different sizes.

Classification of igneous rocks by way of eruption and cooling of magma.

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1. Massive — formed if magma is erupting a continuous stream. Among such species there are the following types:

  • Deep — the magma cools at depth. These include diorite and granite;
  • Streamed — the magma cools on the Earth's surface (porphyry and basalt).

2. Vulcanologia breed — the name itself suggests how the magma comes from the earth's interior. Molten rock erupt in the form of sprays and bursts, cooling down in the air. This:

  • Loose rocks (volcanic sand and ashes);
  • Cemented (e.g., volcanic tuff).

Igneous rocks and their mineralogical composition.

Today there are four main kinds of minerals. Almost any igneous rock composed of them. This:

  • Quartz-a mineral consisting of crystalline silica. This non-transparent crystals with a characteristic vitreous luster. Substance endures the influence of the external environment and not be exposed to acids (except hydrofluoric).
  • Feldspar — a large group of minerals that are characterized by smaller (compared to quartz) hardness and perfect cleavage. They are painted in bright shades of different colors. Feldspars are divided into plagioclases and orthoclase. These minerals are easily weathered, turning into clay.
  • Mica-mineral with perfect cleavage and low hardness. The most common representatives of this group — Muscovite (clear mica) and biotite (black). If the rock consists of a large number of mica, its mechanical properties are much worse.
  • Pyroxenes and amphiboles — rock-forming minerals with similar chemical composition. As a rule, magnesium silicates or double salts of calcium and magnesium.

Igneous rocks are significantly different from sediment in the first place its chemical composition: they are composed of silicates or aluminosilicates.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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