As they are distributed by the wind seeds. Distribution methods of fruits and seeds

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2018-06-10 11:00:30

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The Seeds are quite rare, but germinate directly in the plant. For example, cutting a ripe pumpkin, we can see it has sprouted seeds. In General, however, they germinate where ripen, but in a completely different place. What are they – distribution methods of fruits and seeds of plants? As it happens, and why? Let's find out!

What is fruit

Before we look at the distribution methods of fruits and seeds, should explore these same concepts. Because without basic knowledge it will be difficult to understand the whole process and the mechanism of “travel” of seeds and fruits around the world. So, let's begin. It is no secret that the pear, plum, Apple, strawberry, cherry – is the fruit of plants and trees, containing seeds. It is believed that they develop from the ovaries and other parts of plants, but not all botanists agree.

spread by the wind seeds

Some of them believe that these fruits can be called only those that are formed exclusively on the ovaries, for example, cherries, plums, tomatoes, poppy seeds, etc. the Fruits, which develop from other parts of flowers and plants called false. For example, strawberries are generally formed overgrown receptacle. What kind of ovary is here all we can say! As a result, scientists decided to consider the fruit as a result of the modification of the entire flower. If in the beginning of his "path of life” they can somehow keep some signs of flower after maturing quite lose or severely modify them.

How is the fruit of plants

Outside, each fruit is surrounded by the so-called pericarp, which protects against damage and visiani ripening seeds inside. In turn, the pericarp is divided into the juicy and dry. For example, juicy pericarp, it is possible to call the flesh of a ripe watermelon, melon or peach. The immature pericarp – astringent, bitter, sour, tasteless. During this period, it protects the fruit itself from untimely eating, but it is also immature seeds – from an early spoilage.

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Fruits

To understand how the spread of seeds and fruits of certain plants and trees, you must know that juicy fruit botany include:

  • Seeded (pumpkin, berry, Apple, pomegranate);
  • Odnoimennyi (peach, apricot, mango, cherry, cherries, prunes).

As the name of the fruit in odnoimennyh has one bone. They are called drupes. However, there are exceptions: for example, berry blackberries – mnogochastny, but is odnoimennym fruit.

distribution methods of fruits and seeds

Distribution Methods of fruits and seeds is directly dependent on their size, weight and shape. As mentioned above, the fruits are juicy and dry. Dry in turn, are divided into opened and neskrivaema. For example, are opened (burst) after their maturation in the pericarp of ripe beans, pods, and poppy boxes. But, for example, the pericarp hazel is very hard and stiff. He for anything in the world can reveal. He has one single seed that we know very well: hard.

Another type of fruit is a capsule. Typically it has from 3 to 5 nests with seeds. When these seeds ripen, they “house” is starting to burst. For example, boxes of tobacco St. John's wort or cracks along their walls, and then break into individual parts. At the same time, “cottages” lilies, hyacinths, tulips and khlopchatnika crack only walls, and the poplar and willow boxes generally bursting at the seams. The most famous capsule is a pod, which at puberty with a Bang splits into two doors.

Do fruit berry

Yes. This kind of fruit having in its composition a lot of seeds, but no seeds. If the berry is ripe, it has a juicy and fleshy pericarp (grapes, strawberries, lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries). That is why, from the point of view of scientists-botanists, cherry is not a berry, and tomatoes are! This may also include citrus fruits, which are also jagodami:

  • Mandarine;
  • Apelsiny;
  • Lemony;
  • Pomerance;
  • Grejpfrut.

The fact that nests with seeds inside the fruit mentioned above, filled with exotic, fragrant juice. Berries can be called the fruits of the family Cucurbitaceae:

  • Melons;
  • Watermelons;
  • Cucumbers.

A Simple man in the street is, of course, jarring, but professional botanists have long been accustomed to the idea that formally watermelon and cucumber not only berries, but also relatives.

how to spread seeds of plants in nature

Looks Like the seed on the inside

Distribution of fruits and seeds (2 class, introduction for biology students in one way or another “travel” of seeds and fruits of different plants) is impossible without participation of human, animal and, of course, the water and wind. But to understand how such a small seed can “travel” around the world, it is necessary to briefly familiarize yourself with its structure. Thus, any seed covered by skin. On smooth visible seeds ribbed, formed on those places where it is separated from semanage.

If you look good, then next to that rib can be seen micropolar hole, called in the scientific community of the micropyle. Somewhere nearby a tip of a root. Hewhen seeds germinate very first comes out. The dense peel protects the seed from different damages and at the same time allows water to pass through without interfering with the germination of the embryo – the main part of all seeds. It is formed only after fertilization and is usually made of stem, root and buds.

as distributed by the wind seeds

How to spread seeds of plants in nature

Well here we come to the main point. As mentioned above, rarely sprouted seeds give life to new plants, as in the majority of cases grow, not where they matured. Why is this happening? It's simple: in the new place they “travel” by people, animals and the mother nature! If the conditions for a new life would be entirely appropriate, these seeds will begin to germinate, and if not-will die.

  1. An Excellent way of their distribution is the cross-pollination of plants, by which they can form new types of flora. This is the minimum that gives life to new plants. Of course, the distribution methods of fruits and seeds of plants are not confined to pollination.
  2. Unpleasant to taste or even poisonous fruits and seeds are attractive food for birds. Seeds with a hard shell, just not able to digest in their stomachs. Eventually they, along with bird droppings (guano) are transferred long distances from their places “birth”. But the role of birds in spreading new plant life is not limited!
  3. Many birds, arranging his supplies for the winter, pulling seeds and fruits of various plants in the nest. Part of them simply lost during the flight of birds, falling to new places. For example, birds and the blue jays constantly stocking up on acorns, some of which is lost and grows over time.
  4. Some helpers in the germination of seeds and fruits – ants. These are small but useful in nature beings carry to their nests the seeds of various plants, especially rich in essential oils (Basil, celandine, lungwort, sorrel, violet). Like birds, the ants, the lion's share of the collected seed to lose in the way. By the way, these little rogues are basically just the seeds of grasses.

distribution methods of fruits and seeds of plants

As more “travel” the fruits and seeds of plants

Mostly they are distributed by the wind. The seeds thus scattered is much better than the already formed fruit. But more on that later. As you know, in nature there are so-called “live” fruits, which cling to animal fur, accidentally run past and stick to the clothes. For example, these are the fruits of agrimony, Bidens, cocklebur and burdock.

Here botanists especially note Pisoni – shrub or tree grown in the Pacific Islands. The fruit of this unusual plant is enclosed in a special Cup, lined with rows of different sticky hairs. They allow the fruits of pisonia easy to stick to any animal or subject. Often in nature, you may notice reptiles and small birds, completely covered in these fruits. Unfortunately, in this case animals are unable to move and die.

how the spread of seeds

“Trip” by air

You know that fruits and seeds can spread by wind, i.e. by air? For example, it occurs in montane steppes, savannas and deserts where it is constantly walking a strong wind. In this case, the seeds just scatter in different directions and over great distances. Especially good account of the seeds having a flat shape and small size (bell hops, Heather, Broomrape, eucalyptus).

Winged seeds and fruits

It will be Interesting to see how spread by the wind seeds having so-called wings. They came from those plants, which grow only in open areas. These “wings” are specific hairs that covered the seeds (e.g. anemone). The poplars and willows seeds are generally provided with combs, consisting of the thinnest of hairs.

Hazel, hornbeam, alder and birch fruit – is a little nuts, equipped with wings. On one wing are the fruits of Tulip trees, ash trees and maples. By the way, that's why they're flocking in the fall. Spread by the wind seeds and fruits of sedges swollen, puternica, Astragalus. Interestingly, in these plants they are traveling in hot air balloons, which are made up of air sacs covering them.

Tumbleweed

Probably everyone at least once heard about such a bizarre plant. The scientific name of it – gypsophila paniculata. In the fall it has the ability to completely break away from their root. Friable and spherical bushes of this plant with ripe fruits are distributed by the wind. Seeds Kajima paniculate hidden in boxes, the teeth of which are bent inwards the shape. This allows the seed to sleep out only during fairly strong winds blowing them over long distances.

distribution of fruits and seeds class 2

“Journey” through the water

Not always the fruits and seeds of plants are distributed throughwind. Seeds often “travel” by streams and rivers, migrate from sea currents and torrents of rain. For example, the coconut can stay afloat at sea for years without losing their germination. Often from the shore can break off a plot of land from growing on it trees and shrubs, and animals living there. Such Islands start to drift, spreading the seeds of their trees for thousands of miles.


Article in other languages:

BE: https://tostpost.com/be/nav-ny-gramadstva/11533-yak-raspa-syudzhvayucca-z-dapamogay-vetru-nasenne-sposaby-raspa-syudzh.html

DE: https://tostpost.com/de/news-und-gesellschaft/11533-wie-verbreiten-sich-mit-dem-wind-die-samen-m-glichkeiten-die-verbreitu.html

ES: https://tostpost.com/es/noticias-y-sociedad/11539-como-se-propagan-por-el-viento-las-semillas-m-todos-de-distribuci-n-de.html

KK: https://tostpost.com/kk/zha-aly-tar-o-am/11535-ret-nde-oldanylady-zheld-k-meg-men-t-ym-taratu-t-s-lder-zhem-s-zh-ne-t.html

PL: https://tostpost.com/pl/aktualno-ci-i-spo-ecze-stwo/11531-jak-rozprzestrzeniaj-si-przez-wiatr-nasiona-sposoby-dystrybucji-owoc-w.html

PT: https://tostpost.com/pt/not-cias-e-sociedade/11527-como-se-espalham-com-o-vento-as-sementes-formas-de-dissemina-o-de-frut.html

TR: https://tostpost.com/tr/haber-ve-toplum/11537-nas-l-yay-l-r-ile-r-zgar-tohumlar-da-t-m-y-ntemleri-meyve-ve-tohum.html

UK: https://tostpost.com/uk/novini-ta-susp-l-stvo/11531-yak-poshiryuyut-sya-z-dopomogoyu-v-tru-nas-nnya-sposobi-poshirennya-pl.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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